The grade of vice admiral was originally created to honor particularly successful Union Navy flag officers of the American Civil War. Between World War I and World War II, dozens of officers cycled through three designated vice admiral billets in the United States Fleet, holding the rank temporarily before reverting to their permanent grade of rear admiral upon relinquishing command. Dozens of temporary vice admirals were appointed during World War II alone, and by January 1, 1960, the Navy register listed 28 line officers as vice admirals on the active list in the peacetime Navy.
Many rear admirals received honorary tombstone promotions to vice admiral when they retired, having been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II, but only a handful were ever recalled to active duty in that grade. Tombstone promotions were abolished effective November 1, 1959.
Taxonomy
A permanent vice admiral was an officer who was confirmed by the Senate to hold the permanent grade of vice admiral, which the officer retained regardless of assignment. Appointments to this permanent grade on the active list were only authorized between 1866 and 1873, and all subsequent appointments were on the retired list.[1]
A designated vice admiral was an officer who was designated by the President to hold the temporary rank of vice admiral while serving in a billet carrying that ex officio rank, and who reverted to a lower permanent grade upon vacating that billet. From 1915 to 1947, such designations were at the sole discretion of the President, and did not require Senate confirmation, unlike the temporary vice admirals of World War II and later. The category was eliminated by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which required all vice admiral appointments to be confirmed by the Senate.[2]
A temporary vice admiral was an officer who was confirmed by the Senate to hold the temporary grade of vice admiral under some condition, such as while serving in a particular job or for the duration of the World War II national emergency, reverting to a lower permanent grade when the condition was over.[3]
A civil engineer/medical director/naval constructor with rank of vice admiral was an officer in the Civil Engineer Corps/Medical Corps/Construction Corps with the title of civil engineer/medical director/naval constructor and the rank of vice admiral, prior to 1947. Each staff corps originally had its own hierarchy of titles to describe relative seniority within the corps. Staff corps titles were abolished by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, and all officers thereafter had the same title as their rank.[4]
A tombstone vice admiral was a rear admiral who retired with the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade as a reward for being specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II. Most such officers never served as vice admirals while on active duty. Tombstone promotions were abolished in 1959.[5]
List of U.S. Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960
This is a complete list of officers who held the rank of vice admiral while on active duty in the United States Navy before January 1, 1960, including officers who received a tombstone promotion to vice admiral if they were recalled to active duty in that rank.
Entries are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer became a vice admiral on the active list, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer served in that rank only after transferring to the retired list. Each entry lists the officer's name, date appointed,[6] date the officer vacated the active-duty rank,[7] number of years of service as vice admiral (Yrs),[8] positions held as vice admiral,[9] and other biographical notes.[10]
Italics denote active duty as vice admiral while on the retired list.
The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date appointed, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as vice admiral.
U.S. Naval Member, Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission/Senior U.S. Naval Member, Permanent Joint Board on Defense, Canada-United States, 1942.
An officer held the active-duty grade of vice admiral (Vice Adm.) in the U.S. Navy until his death; retirement; resignation; reversion to lower permanent grade upon vacating a position carrying the ex officio rank; or promotion to a higher grade such as admiral (Adm.) or fleet admiral (Fleet Adm.). An officer on the retired list could also be recalled to active duty in the grade of vice admiral (Vice Adm. (ret.)) or admiral (Adm. (ret.)).
Between World War I and World War II, there were three ex officio vice admiral positions. One commanded the battleships of the United States Fleet (BATSHIPS), and a second commanded the Scouting Force (SCOFOR). The third position was successively allocated to command the naval forces in Europe (NAVEUR), the cruisers of the Scouting Force (CRUSCOFOR), and the aircraft carriers of the Battle Force (AIRBATFOR).
History
Civil War
The grade of vice admiral in the United States Navy was created by Congress in December 1864 to honor David G. Farragut for his victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay during the American Civil War. The promotion made Farragut the senior officer in the Navy but did not give him command of all naval forces, unlike the corresponding grade of lieutenant general that had been revived for Ulysses S. Grant earlier that year.[48] After the war, Farragut was promoted to admiral and his vacated vice admiralcy was filled by David D. Porter. When Farragut died in 1870, Porter succeeded him as admiral and Stephen C. Rowan became vice admiral. Three years later, Congress stopped further promotions to admiral or vice admiral, and the vice admiral grade expired with Rowan in 1890.[1]
After the Spanish–American War, Congress tried to revive the grade to reward William T. Sampson and Winfield S. Schley for winning the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, but the officers feuded bitterly over credit for the victory and their partisans in the Senate could not agree on who would be the senior vice admiral, so neither was promoted.[49][50] Even after Sampson died in 1902, his admirers continued to prevent Schley from being promoted, while Schley's friends blocked all moves to elevate any other officer over him during his lifetime, such as an attempt to promote Robley D. Evans to vice admiral on the retired list in 1909. No new vice admirals were created until after Schley's death in 1911.[51][52]
World War I
In 1915, Congress authorized the President to designate the commanders in chief of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets to hold the rank of admiral, and their seconds in command the rank of vice admiral. The chief of naval operations (CNO) received the rank of admiral the following year.[53] Because Porter and Rowan had been promoted permanently to vice admiral and then never gone to sea again, Congress made these new ranks strictly ex officio. Upon relinquishing command, an officer lost his designation as admiral or vice admiral and reverted to his permanent grade of rear admiral.[54] The three fleet commanders were immediately made admirals to match the rank of their foreign counterparts, but only the second in command of the Atlantic Fleet, Henry T. Mayo, was designated a vice admiral, since the Pacific and Asiatic Fleets were too small to employ their vice admirals.[55]
When the United States entered World War I, Congress generalized the law to let the President designate up to six commanders of any fleet or subdivision of a fleet to hold ranks higher than rear admiral, of which up to three could be admirals and the rest vice admirals. This allowed William S. Sims to be designated vice admiral as commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters. The other two vice admiral designations went to the Atlantic Fleet's two battleship force commanders.[56] When the Asiatic Fleet's commander in chief retired in December 1918, his four-star designation was transferred to Sims, whose vacated vice admiralcy went to Albert Gleaves, commander of the Atlantic Fleet's cruiser and transport force.[57] By the end of 1918, all three seagoing admirals and all three vice admirals were assigned to the Atlantic and European theaters, including the four-star commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, who had taken a force to patrol the South Atlantic Ocean.[58]
With the end of hostilities in Europe, the six designations for admirals and vice admirals were redistributed in 1919. The commanders in chief of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets remained admirals. About half of the major ships in the Atlantic Fleet transferred to the Pacific Fleet, which was now large enough to employ a vice admiral to command its battleship force. A second vice admiral commanded the battleship force of the Atlantic Fleet, and a third vice admiral, Gleaves, commanded its cruiser and transport force. The sixth designation returned to the Asiatic Fleet when Sims left his European command, but its commander in chief, William L. Rodgers, was promoted only to vice admiral since Gleaves was already slated to be its admiral, so for a few months there were four vice admirals and only three admirals, including the CNO.[59]
In September 1919, Gleaves was appointed commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet with the rank of admiral. Rodgers remained vice admiral in command of Division 1 of the Asiatic Fleet until January 1920, so for the first and only time, the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets each had an admiral and vice admiral, as originally envisioned in 1915.[60]
Interwar
In 1922 the three fleets were combined into a single United States Fleet with three admirals and three vice admirals. One admiral served as commander in chief of the United States Fleet (CINCUS), a second admiral as commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, and the third admiral as commander in chief of the former Pacific Fleet, now the Battle Fleet. A vice admiral commanded the former Atlantic Fleet, now the Scouting Fleet, and a second vice admiral commanded the battleship divisions of the Battle Fleet.[61] The Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet became the Battle Force and Scouting Force, respectively, when the United States Fleet was reorganized into type commands in 1931.[62] When the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets were reconstituted in February 1941, CINCUS was dual-hatted as commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), and the commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet was made an admiral by downgrading the Battle Force's commander to vice admiral and its battleship commander to rear admiral.[63]
The third vice admiral designation moved from the Asiatic Fleet to the commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters in 1920 and lapsed when the European force was disbanded in 1929. It was revived the next year for the commander of the Scouting Fleet's light cruiser divisions and subsequently the Scouting Force's cruisers, before migrating in 1935 to the commander of the Battle Force's aircraft.[64]
A flag officer in the United States Fleet climbed a cursus honorum that nominally began with command of a battleship division as a rear admiral, followed by command of all battleship divisions in the Battle Force as a vice admiral, then command of the entire Battle Force as an admiral, and finally either CINCUS, the highest office afloat, or CNO, the highest office ashore—or both, in the case of William V. Pratt.[65] Upon leaving the fleet, it was normal for a former three- or four-star commander to revert to his permanent grade of rear admiral and remain on active duty until statutory retirement as president of the Naval War College, commandant of a naval district, or member of the General Board.[53]
Since there were four admirals and only three vice admirals, it was not uncommon to skip the rank of vice admiral entirely, especially for commanders in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, which was seen as a four-star consolation prize for flag officers who were out of the running for CINCUS or CNO.[65] By the early 1940s, neither the CNO (Harold R. Stark), CINCUS (Claude C. Bloch, James O. Richardson), nor CINCPAC (Husband E. Kimmel, Chester W. Nimitz) had ever been a vice admiral.
World War II
In July 1941, Congress authorized the President to designate, at his own discretion, up to nine additional officers to carry the ex officio rank of vice admiral while performing special or unusual duty, for a total of 12 vice admirals in the permanent establishment.[66] The first of the nine new vice admiral designations was assigned to Robert L. Ghormley, then serving as special observer in the U.S. Embassy in London.[67] After the United States entry into World War II in December 1941, the new commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet, Royal E. Ingersoll, was designated a vice admiral after his predecessor, Ernest J. King, was appointed commander in chief of the United States Fleet (COMINCH, formerly CINCUS) and took the Atlantic Fleet's four-star designation with him.[68] The remaining seven vice admiral slots were quickly filled by the director of the Office of Procurement and Material and the commanders of U.S. Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific; ANZAC Force; the service forces in the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets; and two anti-submarine task forces in the Atlantic Fleet.
All 12 vice admiral designations were in use by March 1942, when a headquarters reorganization called for two more vice admirals to be vice chief of naval operations and chief of staff to COMINCH. Frederick J. Horne and Russell Willson were nominated to be temporary vice admirals,[69] under a 1941 statute that authorized an unlimited number of appointments in all grades for temporary service during a national emergency, with temporary flag officers needing confirmation by the Senate.[3] The statute technically created temporary grades only up to rear admiral, but the Senate confirmed Horne and Willson as vice admirals anyway,[70] and continued to confirm temporary admirals and vice admirals when nominated. Dozens of temporary vice admirals were appointed during World War II, either to serve in a specified job or simply for the duration of the national emergency.
Postwar
The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 consolidated the various laws governing vice admiral appointments. Previously, the President had controlled a pool of 12 vice admiral designations that he could assign at his own discretion.[2] In addition, the Senate could confirm an unlimited number of officers nominated by the President to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, either while serving in a particular job or for the duration of a national emergency.[3] Under the new law, all vice admirals had to be confirmed by the Senate, and held that temporary grade only while serving in a particular job. The maximum number of vice admirals was proportional to the total number of flag officers.[71]
The new law also made any former admiral or vice admiral eligible to retire with that rank,[71] simplifying the hodgepodge of rules that had promoted various classes of retirees piecemeal. Originally every designated admiral and vice admiral retired in his permanent grade of rear admiral. In 1930 Congress promoted officers on the retired list to their highest rank held during World War I, which was defined as having ended on July 2, 1921, so John D. McDonald, who became vice admiral on July 1, 1921, was promoted, but William R. Shoemaker, who became vice admiral only a week later, was not.[72][73] In 1942 former fleet commanders were allowed to retire as admiral or vice admiral if they had served in that grade for at least a year, a cutoff that John H. Dayton and Walton R. Sexton both missed by about two weeks. Dayton lived long enough to be advanced back to vice admiral by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, but Sexton did not.[74]
Postwar vice admirals typically headed directorates in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, numbered fleets, type commands, sea frontiers, senior educational institutions like the National War College and the Naval War College, or other interservice or international positions. Upon completing their capstone assignments, many senior flag officers resumed the prewar pattern of remaining on active duty in a lower grade until statutory retirement, in contrast to Army and Air Force general officers who usually preferred to retire immediately to avoid demotion. For example, Lynde D. McCormick reverted from vice admiral to rear admiral but rose again to vice admiral and admiral before dropping to vice admiral for his final assignment.[75]
In 1925 Congress authorized Navy and Marine Corps officers who had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I to retire with the rank of the next higher grade but not its pay. Such honorary increases in rank at retirement were dubbed tombstone promotions, since their only tangible benefit was the right to carve the higher rank on the officer's tombstone.[76][77] Later laws expanded eligibility beyond World War I and to officers already on the retired list. Tombstone promotions were limited in 1947 to duty performed before the end of World War II, meaning before January 1, 1947, and halted entirely in 1959.[5] By May 29, 1959, there were 154 vice admirals on the retired list who had never served on active duty in that rank, not counting those already deceased.[78]
Dozens of vice admirals received tombstone promotions to admiral.[78] Even if a vice admiral reverted to rear admiral, he could still retire as a vice admiral and then claim a tombstone promotion to admiral, but only if he had satisfactory service in the temporary grade of vice admiral during World War II. For example, Gerald F. Bogan, David W. Bagley, Robert C. Giffen, and Alexander Sharp Jr. all reverted to rear admiral after serving as a vice admiral, and all qualified for a tombstone promotion, but only Bagley was advanced to admiral when he retired.
Bogan was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the First Task Fleet after World War II, but offended the secretary of the Navy during the so-called Revolt of the Admirals and was relieved of his three-star command only three weeks before he was scheduled to retire with a tombstone promotion to admiral. Instead, he reverted to rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[79][80]
Bagley was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while serving in a succession of jobs during World War II, before reverting to rear admiral. He retired in his highest wartime grade of vice admiral and received a tombstone promotion to admiral.[36][81]
Giffen was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the Caribbean Sea Frontier during World War II, but was reprimanded for misconduct in that role. Having unsatisfactory service as a vice admiral, he retired as a rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[37][82][83]
Sharp was designated by the President to hold the rank of vice admiral while commanding the Service Force, Atlantic Fleet during World War II, but was never confirmed by the Senate to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, unlike Bagley and Giffen. Sharp retired with his highest active-duty rank of vice admiral but was not advanced to admiral because tombstone promotions were based on personal grades, not designated ranks.[81]
Legislative history
The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of vice admiral in the United States Navy before 1960.[84]
Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large, and a summary of the act's relevance.
Authorized ex-officio rank of vice admiral for officers designated as second in command of the United States Atlantic Fleet, United States Pacific Fleet, or United States Asiatic Fleet.
Authorized ex-officio rank for six officers designated to command fleets or subdivisions of fleets, of whom not more than three to have the rank of admiral and the others to have the rank of vice admiral.
Authorized officers to retire for age with the rank of the next higher grade if specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I.
Authorized ex-officio rank of vice admiral for up to nine additional officers designated to perform special or unusual duty, or to command naval units afloat organized for the purpose of performing a special or unusual mission.
Authorized temporary appointments to higher ranks or grades during a national emergency, with appointments to rear admiral requiring the advice and consent of the Senate.
Authorized retirement in highest temporary rank held on active duty.
Authorized line officers retired prior to June 23, 1938, and staff officers retired on or after that date to be advanced on the retired list to the rank of the next higher grade if specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat (Joseph M. Reeves, Harry E. Yarnell).
Authorized officers retired while commanding a fleet or fleet subdivision in the rank of admiral or vice admiral, or who served as such commander for one year or more, to retire in the highest grade held while on the active list (Newton A. McCully, Josiah S. McKean, Guy H. Burrage, Thomas T. Craven, Henry V. Butler).
Authorized officers to be placed on the retired list with the rank and three-fourths of the active-duty pay of the highest temporary grade in which they served satisfactorily on or before June 30, 1946.
Authorized temporary grade of vice admiral, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, for officers on the active list designated for the command of fleets or fleet subdivisions, for the command of naval units afloat organized for the purpose of performing a special or unusual mission, or for the performance of any duty of great importance and responsibility.
Assigned temporary grade of vice admiral, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, to one officer designated as senior member of the Military and Naval Staff Committee of the United Nations.
Capped total positions with temporary grades above rear admiral at 15 percent of the total number of line officers serving above the grade of captain, of whom not more than eight to have the rank of admiral.
Capped total line officers above grade of rear admiral at 26, of whom not more than four to have the rank of admiral.
Exempted from caps a naval officer serving as Chief of Staff to the President.
Authorized retirement in highest grade held while on the active list.
Authorized previously retired officers who served in the rank of admiral or vice admiral to be advanced to that grade on the retired list.
Authorized all officers to retire with the rank of the next higher grade if specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat on or before December 31, 1946 (Burton B. Biggs).
^ abActs of December 21, 1874 (13 Stat.420); July 25, 1866 (14 Stat.222); and January 24, 1873 (17 Stat.418). Chisholm, pp. 311-313, 349-353.
^ abActs of March 3, 1915 (38 Stat.941); May 22, 1917 (40 Stat.89); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat.598); and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat.886). Chisholm, pp. 763-764. Congressional Record (June 30, 1941), Vol. 87, Part 1, p. 5727.
^ abActs of March 4, 1925 (43 Stat.1278); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat.598); June 6, 1942 (56 Stat.370); August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat.886); October 12, 1949 [Career Compensation Act of 1949] (63 Stat.806); and August 11, 1959 (72 Stat.337). Patrick, Howard A. (August 1948). "The Effect of Combat Commendation Upon Retirement". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 74 (8): 957–965.
^ abDates appointed are taken from U.S. Naval Officers, Vice Admiral and Above, 1864–1963.
^ abDates vacated are taken from U.S. Naval Officers, Vice Admiral and Above, 1864–1963. An officer could vacate the active-duty rank of vice admiral via death, retirement, promotion, or reversion to a lower permanent grade upon relinquishing an office designated to carry the rank of vice admiral.
^ abThe number of years on active duty as vice admiral is taken to be the number of days rounded to the nearest whole year and excluding any gaps in appointment.
^ abPositions are compiled from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, Modern Biographical Files, Generals of the Army and the Air Force and Admirals of the Navy, Ancell and Miller, Cogar, Schuon, and Marquis Who's Who.
^ abBiographical notes include years of birth and death; any staff corps affiliation or line officer designation as naval aviation observer, naval aviator, or engineering duty officer; dates of promotion to higher rank; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with significant military officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and other unusual career events such as death in office or resignation.
^ abcdeRetired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank.
^ abcdeRetired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank.
^Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^ abcdRetired as rear admiral; ineligible for advancement by Act of June 16, 1942, having served as vice admiral for less than one year.
^McCarver Jr., Charles. "Long, Andrew Theodore". Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
^ abcdefghijkRetired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^ abcdeRetired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^ abRetired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of August 14, 1938, as highest rank held while serving as Chief of Naval Operations.
^ abRetired as rear admiral; ineligible for advancement by Act of June 16, 1942, having served as vice admiral for less than one year; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Officer Personnel Act of 1947, as highest rank held on active duty.
^Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to tombstone vice admiral by Act of February 23, 1942; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 29 Jan 1938; reappointed as vice admiral, 21 Mar 1942; appointed as admiral, 29 Jan 1945.
^Reverted to rear admiral; retired as vice admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 20 May 1939; confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, 27 May 1942; retired as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1944, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 24 Jun 1939; appointed as admiral, 1 Feb 1941; promoted to fleet admiral, 17 Dec 1944.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 1 Feb 1941; confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier, 27 May 1942; retired as vice admiral, 1 Nov 1943, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
^ abcdeReverted to rear admiral; reappointed as vice admiral.
^Appointed as admiral, 30 Oct 1936; reverted to rear admiral, 25 Jul 1939, and retired, 1 Nov 1939; advanced on the retired list to tombstone vice admiral, 23 Feb 1942; advanced on the retired list to admiral, 16 Jun 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet.
^Retired as vice admiral, 1 Dec 1946; advanced on the retired list to tombstone admiral, Jan 1954.
^Date of rank 16 Jun 1942. Retired as rear admiral, 1 Aug 1946; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral, 28 May 1948.
^ abcReverted to rear admiral; reappointed as vice admiral; retired as tombstone admiral.
^Died, 6 Sep 1945, and posthumously promoted to admiral.
^ abConfirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, 18 Jan 1944; while serving as Commander, Hawaiian Sea Frontier, 27 Nov 1944; and until detachment from duty as member of the Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission, 28 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 31 Jan 1946; retired as vice admiral and advanced to tombstone admiral, 1 Apr 1947.
^ abConfirmed as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, 22 Mar 1944; and until detachment from duty as Commander, Service Force, Atlantic Fleet, 24 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 3 Dec 1945; reprimanded for misconduct while Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, preventing retirement in highest wartime grade; retired as rear admiral and advanced to tombstone vice admiral, 1 Sep 1946.
^Retired as naval constructor with rank of rear admiral, 1 Apr 1937; advanced on the retired list to naval constructor with rank of vice admiral, 1 Jul 1944, by special Act of Congress.
^Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 May 1952; recalled to active duty as vice admiral, 21 Oct 1952–21 May 1954.
^Appointed as admiral, 1 Feb 1947, retroactive to 7 Jan 1946.
^Appointed as admiral, 23 Sep 1946–30 Nov 1950; reappointed as vice admiral, 1 Dec 1950; retired as admiral, 1 Nov 1953.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 13 Nov 1948; reappointed as vice admiral, 3 Apr 1950; appointed as admiral, 22 Dec 1950–2 May 1954; reappointed as vice admiral, 3 May 1954; died, 16 Aug 1956.
^Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 Apr 1955; recalled to active duty as vice admiral, 1 Apr 1955–1 Oct 1955, and as admiral, 10 Aug 1959–18 Jan 1960.
^Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 Aug 1958; recalled to active duty as admiral, 25 Jul 1960–1 May 1961.
^Appointed as admiral, 29 Apr 1957–31 Jan 1958; reappointed as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1958; retired as admiral, 1 Apr 1960.
^Reverted to rear admiral, 18 Jan 1958; reappointed as vice admiral, 14 Sep 1959; appointed as admiral, 1 Aug 1961.
^Retired as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1964; advanced on the retired list to admiral, 16 Nov 1973.
^Wooldridge, E. T. (1995). Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945–1975, An Oral History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 104–105.
Generals of the Army and the Air Force and Admirals of the Navy, Washington, D.C.: Dunleavy Publishing Company, 1955–1956
Who Was Who in American History—The Military, Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who's Who, Inc., 1975
Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine M. (1996), The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The U.S. Armed Forces, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
Cogar, William B. (1989), Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 1, 1862–1900, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
Cogar, William B. (1991), Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 2, 1901–1918, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (1999), Civil War High Commands, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
Schuon, Karl (1964), U.S. Navy Biographical Dictionary, New York City, New York: Franklin Watts, Inc.
Other resources
Chisholm, Donald (2001), Waiting for Dead Men's Shoes: Origins and Development of the U.S. Navy's Officer Personnel System, 1793–1941, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
Francobollo sovietico raffigurante i volti di Marx e Lenin con la dicitura «Viva il marxismo-leninismo!» Il marxismo-leninismo è un'ideologia comunista che fu la principale del movimento comunista nel corso del ventesimo secolo. Costituì l'ideologia ufficiale dell'Unione Sovietica e del Comintern, e successivamente del blocco orientale e di numerosi altri paesi del campo socialista.[1] Descritto come il frutto del pensiero sviluppato da Marx e Engels e della successiva opera di adatt…
Keuskupan MonteríaDioecesis MonteriensisLokasiNegaraKolombiaProvinsi gerejawiCartagenaStatistikLuas14.550 km2 (5.620 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2004)1.510.0001,310,000 (86.8%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinPendirian20 November 1954 (69 tahun lalu)KatedralCatedral de San JerónimoKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupRamón Alberto Rolón GüepsaPeta Katedral Santo Hieronimus Keuskupan Montería (bahasa Latin: Monteriesis) adalah sebuah keuskupan yang terle…
Koka Subba Rao Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Agung IndiaMasa jabatan30 Juni 1966 – 11 April 1967‡ Informasi pribadiKebangsaanIndiaProfesiHakimSunting kotak info • L • B Koka Subba Rao adalah hakim Mahkamah Agung India. Ia diangkat sebagai hakim di mahkamah tersebut pada tanggal 31 Januari 1958. Ia lalu terpilih sebagai Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Agung India pada tanggal 30 Juni 1966. Masa baktinya sebagai hakim di mahkamah tersebut kemudian berakhir pada tanggal 11 April 1967‡.[…
This article is about the community development block in West Bengal, India. For 1 its namesake village, see Manikchak, Malda. For 2 its namesake assembly constituency, see Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency). Community development block in West Bengal, IndiaManikchakCommunity development blockCoordinates: 25°03′45″N 87°54′33″E / 25.0624410°N 87.9091110°E / 25.0624410; 87.9091110Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictMaldaGovernment • TypeRepr…
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmeང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འཇིགས་མེད་阿沛·阿旺晋美 Ketua Wilayah Otonomi TibetMasa jabatan1964–1968 PendahuluChoekyi GyaltsenPenggantiZeng Yongya Informasi pribadiLahir(1910-02-01)1 Februari 1910Lhasa, Tibet, Kekaisaran QingMeninggal23 Desember 2009(2009-12-23) (umur 99)Beijing, TiongkokSuami/istriNgapoi Cedain ZhoigarSunting kotak info • L • B Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (Tibet: ང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འ…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. IRSA Logo …
Lixia ZhangNama asal张丽霞LahirShanxi, ChinaTempat tinggalSherman Oaks, CaliforniaPendidikanUniversitas Negeri California, Los AngelesAlmamaterInstitute Teknologi MassachusettsDikenal atasProtokol Reservasi Sumber DayaMiddleboxKarier ilmiahBidangNetwork komputerInstitusiUniversitas California, Los AngelesPembimbing doktoralDavid D. Clark Lixia Zhang (Hanzi: 张丽霞)[1] adalah Profesor Ilmu Komputer Jonathan B. Postel di Universitas California, Los Angeles.[2] Keahli…
This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (January 2016) Nb.BbvCI is a nicking endonuclease used to cut one strand of double-stranded DNA. It has been successfully used to incorporate fluorochrome-labeled nucleotides into specific spots of a DNA sequence via nick translation.[1] References ^ Jo K, Dhingra DM, Odijk T, de Pablo JJ, Graham MD, Runnheim R, Forrest D, Schwartz…
M25 Sniper Weapon System M25 Jenis Senapan runduk Negara asal Amerika Serikat Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan 1991 (perkiraan)–sekarang Digunakan oleh Amerika Serikat Pada perang Perang Teluk Sejarah produksi Tahun Akhir 1980an Produsen Springfield Armory Spesifikasi Berat 4,9 kg (10.8 lb) Panjang 112,5 cm (44.3 in) Panjang laras 56 cm (22 in) Peluru 7,62 x 51 mm NATO (.308 Winchester) Mekanisme Rotating bolt, operasi gas, Pendinginan udara Rata² tembakan…
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022 Elizabeth of the United Kingdom redirects here. For other uses, see Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (disambiguation) and Elizabeth II (disambiguation). Elizabeth IIHead of the CommonwealthFormal portrait, 1959Queen of the United Kingdomand other Commonwealth realms (full list) Reign6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022Coronation2 June 1953PredecessorGeorge VISuccessorCharles IIIBornPrincess Elizabeth of York(…
Microcionidae Antho karyoka Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Porifera Kelas: Demospongiae Ordo: Poecilosclerida Subordo: Microcionina Famili: MicrocionidaeCarter, 1875 Genera 9, lihat teks. Microcionidae adalah famili Demospongiae laut.[1] Pembagian Familia ini dibagi sebagai berikut: Upafamilia: Microcioninae Carter 1875 Genera di upafamilia ini adalah:[2] Clathria Schmidt, 1862 Echinochalina Thiele, 1903 Holopsamma Carter, 1885 Pandaros Duchassaing & Michelotti,…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Perubahan iklim isu global dan diakui sebagai salah satu tantangan terbesar manusia saat ini.[1] Fenomena ini membuat produksi pangan menjadi sangat rentan. Hasil studi FAO menunjukkan bahwa perubaha iklim secara langsung maupun tidak akan membawa…
Pulau Terre-de-bas merupakan pulau terbesar di archipelago Îles des Saintes di Guadeloupe. Dimiliki oleh komune (kotamadya) Terre-de-Bas. Pulau ini memiliki dua daerah wisata: pantai Grande Anse Le Cimetière marin (pemakaman di laut) Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Guadeloupe ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs
Kenneth D. Bailey (21 Oktober 1910 – 26 September 1942) adalah seorang prajurit Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat dengan pangkat Mayor yang menerima penghargaan militer tertinggi Amerika Serikat, Medal of Honor, atas aksinya di Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, Kepulauan Solomon pada tanggal 12 - 13 September 1942. Kehidupan dan karier Ia lahir di Pawnee, Oklahoma pada tanggal 21 Oktober 1910. Ia kemudian pindah ke Danville, Illinois, bersama kedua orangtuanya. Ia bergabung selama tiga t…
Icarus FallsAlbum studio karya ZaynDirilis14 Desember 2018 (2018-12-14)[1]GenrePopDurasi96:22LabelRCAProduser Zayn Malik (exec.) Henrique Andrade Alexandre Bursztyn Robert Cavallo Frank Dukes Greg Kurstin Brian Lee Angel Lopez MakeYouKnowLove Malay Murda Beatz Khaled Rohaim Saltwives Sawyr Timbaland Federico Vindver Kronologi Zayn Mind of Mine(2016) Icarus Falls(2018) Singel dalam album Icarus Falls Let MeDirilis: 12 April 2018 EntertainerDirilis: 23 Mei 2018 Sour DieselDirilis:…
I'm DifferentLagu oleh Hi SuhyunDirilis11 November 2014 (2014-11-11)FormatUnduhan digitalDirekam2014Genre K-pop R&B[1] Durasi3:34Label YG Entertainment KT Music Pencipta PK Rebecca Johnson Masta Wu Bobby Video musikI'm Different di YouTube Templat:Korean membutuhkan parameter |hangul=. I'm Different (Hangul: 나는 달라; RR: Naneun Dalla) adalah singel debut dari unit duo Hi Suhyun yang terdiri dari penyanyi solo Lee Hi dan Lee Suhyun dari Akdong…
Harpoon Misil Harpoon dengan tampilan statis di museum USS Bowfin, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Jenis Peluru kendali antikapal Negara asal Amerika Serikat Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan 1977–sekarang Pada perang Perang Iran-Irak Sejarah produksi Produsen McDonnell DouglasBoeing Defense, Space & Security Biaya produksi US$1,200,000 untuk Harpoon Blok II (2011) Jumlah produksi 7,500[1] Spesifikasi Berat 1.523 pon (691 kg) dengan pendorong Panjang Pelunc…
František Tomášek František Tomášek (30 Juni 1899 – 4 Agustus 1992) adalah seorang kardinal Gereja Katolik Roma di Bohemia, Uskup Agung Praha ke-34, dan teolog Katolik Roma. Pada 24 Mei 1976, Paus Paulus VI secara diam-diam (in pectore) mengangkat Tomášek dalam Dewan Kardinal.[1] Referensi ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-22. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-14. Pranala luar Felix Corley, Obituary: Cardinal Frantisek Tomasek Diar…
Amoli: PricelessPoster dokumenterSutradaraJasmine Kaur Roy, Avinash RoyProduserCulture MachinePenata musikTajdar JunaidTanggal rilis 30 Mei 2018 (2018-05-30) (India) Durasi30 menitNegaraIndiaBahasaInggris, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, BengaliAmoli: Priceless adalah sebuah film dokumenter 2018 tentang eksploitasi seksual komersial anak-anak.[1][2][3][4] Film tersebut disutradarai oleh sutradara pemenang Penghargaan Nasional Jasmine Kaur Roy dan Avi…