Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys,[6] was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in Columbia College (later Columbia University) and joined the Peithologian Society. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led Theodore Roosevelt to call him "Nicholas Miraculous". In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root. Through Root he also met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department.
In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University and, in 1902, formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President Roosevelt. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the first academic medical center in the world.
In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order to limit the number of Jewish students (it became the first American institution of higher learning to establish an anti-Jewish quota). Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming "the invasion of the Jewish student".[10][11] This is one of the reasons why Butler has been called an anti-semite.[12]
In September 1931, Butler told the freshman class at Columbia that totalitarian systems produced "men of far greater intelligence, far stronger character, and far more courage than the system of elections."[13]: 204
In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the prize that year.[15]
During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library. A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honor, as was a major prize in philosophy.
Butler was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936; in 1912, after Vice President James S. Sherman died eight days before the presidential election, Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont, finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives. In 1916, Butler tried to secure the Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler also sought the nomination for himself in 1920, without success.[16]
Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He became active in the successful effort for repeal Prohibition in 1933.[17]
In June 1936, Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, fundamental problems of money and finance were explored.[19]
Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism
According to historian Stephen H. Norwood, Butler failed to "grasp the nature and implications of Nazism...influenced both by his antisemitism, privately expressed, and his economic conservatism and hostility to trade unionism".[20] Butler was a longtime admirer of Benito Mussolini. He compared the Italian Fascist leader to Oliver Cromwell[21] and, in the 1920s, he noted "the stupendous improvement which Fascism has brought".[22]
In November 1933, months after the Nazi book burnings began, he welcomed Hans Luther, the German ambassador to the United States, to Columbia and refused to appear with a notable German dissident when the latter visited the university. Butler was criticized for his "remarkable silence" and complicity towards Hitler's regime until the late 1930s.[12][23]
Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams) "[For his promotion] of the Kellogg-Briand pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement".
Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis.[32]
In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of Across the Busy Years.[33]
Butler was not universally liked. In 1939, a former student of Butler, Rolfe Humphries, published in the pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass". Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology.[35]Randolph Bourne lampooned Butler as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerors", a 1915 essay he published in The New Republic.[36]
Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace. Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In The American Mercury, the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff".[37]
^"Morgan J. Rhees papers, 1794–1968". Columbia University Libraries. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Abolitionist, Welsh republican radical, publisher, Baptist minister, pioneer and adventurer Morgan J. Rhees… was the great grandfather of Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University.
^Stephen H. Norwood, “The Expulsion of Robert Burke: Suppressing Campus Anti-Nazi
Protest in the 1930s,” Journal for the Study of Antisemitism 4:1 (2012): 89-114.
^"Lafayette Memorial". Lafayette - Château Musée. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
^"Nicholas Murray Butler". C250 (Columbia University celebration 250 years after its founding in 1754; c250.columbia.edu).
^"American Academy of Arts and Letters". World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1919. New York: The Press Publishing Co. (The New York World). January 5, 2024. p. 216.
Alogdelis, Joanna. "A Critical Evaluation of Selected Educational Speeches of Nicholas Murray Butler" (PhD dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1949. 10991965).
Hewlett, Charles F. (1987). "John Dewey and Nicholas Murray Butler: Contrasting Conceptions of Peace Education in the Twenties". Educational Theory. 37 (4): 445–461. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1987.00445.x. ISSN0013-2004.
Akhund, Nadine; Tison, Stéphane, eds. (2018). En guerre pour la paix. Correspondance Paul d'Estournelles de Constant et Nicholas Murray Butler (1914–1919) [At war for peace. Correspondence between Paul d'Estournelles de Constant and Nicholas Murray Butler (1914–1919)] (in French). Translated by Akhund, Nadine. Paris: Alma éditeur. ISBN978-2-362792-63-2. OCLC1101112844.
2009 song by Ola Svensson Sky's the LimitSingle by OlaReleased2009Recorded2009Genre Dance-pop disco LabelMMSSongwriter(s) Ola Svensson J-Son Hamed Pirouzpanah Ola singles chronology Feelgood (2008) Sky's the Limit (2009) Unstoppable (2010) Sky's the Limit is a Swedish 2009 English language song by Ola Svensson that reached number one on the Swedish Singles Chart on 10 July 2009, where it stayed for one week. Charts Chart (2009) Peakposition Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[1] 1 References ^ Ol…
Hotel de Bilderberg, a Oosterbeek (Paesi Bassi), sede della prima conferenza Bilderberg del 1954 Mappa basata sul numero di politici partecipanti a una o più riunioni del Gruppo Bilderberg Il Gruppo Bilderberg (detto anche conferenza Bilderberg o club Bilderberg) è un incontro annuale per inviti di circa 130 partecipanti, la maggior parte dei quali sono personalità nel campo economico, politico e bancario. I partecipanti trattano una grande varietà di temi globali, economici e politici. Indi…
Perang TroyaAkhiles membalut luka Patroklos(corak hias sosok-merah pada cawan Atikos, ca. 500 Pramasehi) Perang Medan:Troya (sekarang Hisarlik, Turki) Kurun waktu:Zaman Perunggu Pertanggalan tradisional:ca. 1194–1184 Pramasehi Pertanggalan modern:ca. 1260–1180 Pramasehi Hasil:Kemenangan pihak Yunanikebinasaan Troya Baca juga:Kesejarahan Ilias Sumber sastrawi Ilias Lingkup wiracarita Aeneis, Buku 2 Ifigeneia en Aulidi Filoktetes Aias Troiades Ta Met Homeron Baca juga:Perang Troya dalam budaya…
Andrea Pirlo Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Andrea Pirlo[1]Tanggal lahir 19 Mei 1979 (umur 44)[2]Tempat lahir Flero, ItaliaTinggi 187 cm (6 ft 2 in)[3]Posisi bermain GelandangKarier junior1992–1995 BresciaKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1995–1998 Brescia 47 (6)1998–2001 Inter Milan 22 (0)1999–2000 → Reggina (pinjaman) 28 (6)2001 → Brescia 10 (0)2001–2011 AC Milan 284 (32)2011–2015 Juventus 119 (16)2015–2017 New York City 60 (1)Tota…
GorakhnathPatung Gorakhnath yang menampilkan meditasi yogi dalam posisi teratai di kuil Laxmangarh, IndiaGelarMahayogiPendiriMonaster-monasteri dan kuil-kuil NathAliranNath SampradayaGuruMatsyendranathFalsafahHatha yogaTerkenal karenaHatha yoga,[1][2] Nath Yogi organisation, Gurkhas, Gorakhpur Gorakhnath (juga dikenal sebagai Goraksanath,[3] sekitar awal abad ke-11) adalah seorang yogi dan orang suci Hindu yang menjadi pendiri gerakan monastik Hindu Nath di India.[4…
I Need RomancePoster promosi untuk I Need RomanceGenreRomansa, komediSutradaraLee Chang HanLagu pembukaMove Like Jagger oleh Maroon 5 & Christina AguileraLagu penutupMove Like Jagger oleh Maroon 5 & Christina AguileraNegara asal Korea SelatanBahasa asliBahasa KoreaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode16Rilis asliJaringantvNRilis13 Juni 2011 –2 Agustus 2011 I Need Romance (Korea: 로맨스가 필요해code: ko is deprecated ) adalah serial televisi Korea Selatan. Serial ini ditayangkan oleh tv…
Truk ringan Isuzu Elf generasi ke-5 Bus mikro Isuzu Elf seri NKR55 di Jakarta, Indonesia Truk ringan Isuzu Elf generasi ke-6 Truk ringan Isuzu Elf generasi ke-7 Isuzu Elf atau Isuzu N-Series adalah adalah kendaraan komersial berupa truk ringan dan bus mikro yang diproduksi oleh Isuzu Motors. Elf sangat popular di Jepang, Indonesia, Australia, dan negara-negara berkembang. Elf berkompetitor langsung dengan Fuso Canter, Hino 300, Toyota Dyna dan Nissan Atlas. Spesifikasi Kode sasis code engine out…
Korong GadangKelurahanPeta lokasi Kelurahan Korong GadangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera BaratKotaPadangKecamatanKuranjiKode Kemendagri13.71.09.1006 Kode BPS1371090006 Luas-Jumlah penduduk-Kepadatan- Korong Gadang adalah salah satu kelurahan di kecamatan Kuranji, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan, dan Pulau tahun 2021 (Indonesia) …
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Romania. This article is part of a series onSymbols of RomaniaFlag and coat of arms of Romania Flag of Romania (history, list) Coat of arms of Romania Romanian Anthem Romanian heraldry Orders, decorations and medals Postage stamps of Romania Romanian leu Symbols of Romanian Royalty Symbols of Romania vte The following is a list of flags used to represent Romania. National flag and state flag Flag Date Use Description 1867—1947,1990—present Nati…
Gadolinium(III) chloride Names IUPAC name Gadolinium(III) chloride Other names Gadolinium trichlorideGadolinium chloride Identifiers CAS Number 10138-52-0 Y19423-81-5 (hexahydrate) N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:37288 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL1697696 N ChemSpider 55406 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.030.338 PubChem CID 61486 UNII P7082WY76D Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID2044761 InChI InChI=1S/3ClH.Gd/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 YKey: MEANOSLIBWSCIT-UHFFFAOYSA-K&…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Anton JandaInformasi pribadiTanggal lahir (1904-05-01)1 Mei 1904Tempat lahir Austria-HungariaTanggal meninggal 1986 – 1904; umur -83–-82 tahunPosisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1924–1935 FC Admira Wacker Mödling Tim…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Serie B 2001-2002 (disambigua). Serie B 2001-2002Serie B TIM 2001-2002 Competizione Serie B Sport Calcio Edizione 70ª Organizzatore Lega Calcio Date dal 26 agosto 2001al 2 giugno 2002 Luogo Italia Partecipanti 20 Formula girone unico Risultati Vincitore Como(3º titolo) Altre promozioni ModenaRegginaEmpoli Retrocessioni (le squadre scritte in corsivo sono poi state riammesse)TernanaCittadellaPistoieseCrotone Statistiche …
Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен · …
Chinese imperial dynasty from 960 to 1279 Not to be confused with Song (state) or Liu Song dynasty. Song宋960–1279The Song dynasty at its greatest extent in 1111CapitalBianjing (960–1127)Yingtian (1127–1128)Yangzhou (1128–1129)Jiangning (1129–1138)Lin'an (1129 & 1138–1276)Common languagesMiddle ChineseReligion Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion, Islam, Chinese Nestorian ChristianityGovernmentMonarchyEmperor • 960–976 Emperor Taizu (f…
2001 greatest hits album by Jay TeeThe Knocks 1992–2000Greatest hits album by Jay TeeReleasedFebruary 13, 2001Recorded1992-2000 Alleyway Studios (Vallejo, CA) Batchelor's Pad (Corona, CA) The Grill (Oakland, CA) K-Lou Studios (Richmond, CA) Pound 4 Pound (Delano, CA) Rated Z Studios (Vallejo, CA)GenreWest Coast hip hop, gangsta rapLength72:35Label40 Ounce RecordsProducerDave Fore, Jay Tee (exec.), Johnny Z, Ken Franklin, Lev Berlak, Philly Blunt, Terrance RichardsonJay Tee chronology V…
La frizione è un organo meccanico che ha la funzione di connettere a comando due alberi per permettere o meno ed eventualmente modulare la trasmissione del moto rotatorio. Funzionamento della frizione: agendo sul pedale si separano temporaneamente le due placche che collegano il volano all'albero primario del cambio, non permettendo il trasferimento della rotazione Indice 1 Introduzione 2 Frizione delle macchine operatrici 3 Frizione sui veicoli 4 Storia ed evoluzione 5 Tipo di frizione 6 Strut…
Artikel biografi ini ditulis menyerupai resume atau daftar riwayat hidup (Curriculum Vitae). Tolong bantu perbaiki agar netral dan ensiklopedis. AhmadlyahS.H. Penjabat Bupati SimeuluePetahanaMulai menjabat 21 Juli 2022GubernurAchmad Marzuki (Pj.) PendahuluErli HasimPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahir9 Mei 1965 (umur 58)Teupah Barat, Simeulue, AcehKebangsaanIndonesiaAlma materUniversitas Syiah KualaProfesiBirokratSunting kotak info • L • B Ahmadlyah, S.H., adalah seora…
PallacanestroSottomano di LeBron JamesFederazioneFIBA Inventato15 dicembre 1891 a Springfield da James Naismith Componenti di una squadra5 GenereMaschile e femminile Indoor/outdoorIndoor Campo di giocoRettangolare 15 × 28 metri Olimpicodal 1936 Campione mondialemaschile Germania (2023)femminile Stati Uniti (2022) Manuale La pallacanestro, conosciuta anche come basket (AFI: [ˈbasket][1]; abbreviazione del termine in lingua inglese basketball, fino agli anni '20 in italiano tradotto pall…