Oakland County, Michigan

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County, Michigan
County
	County of Oakland
	Top-to-bottom, left-to-right: Troy's skyline, Southfield's skyline, Rackham Fountain (at the Detroit Zoo), National Shrine of the Little Flower Basilica (Royal Oak), Downtown Pontiac, Downtown Royal Oak (downtown Detroit on the horizon)
	Flag Seal Logo
	Location within the state of Michigan
	Cities and Townships in the county
Country	United States
State	Michigan
Metro	Metro Detroit
Incorporated	1819 (created); 1820 (organized)
County seat	Pontiac (Legislative and Judicial); Waterford (Executive)
Largest city	Troy
Government
• Executive	David Coulter (D)
Area
• Total	907 sq mi (2,350 km2)
• Land	868 sq mi (2,250 km2)
• Water	40 sq mi (100 km2)
Population (2020)
• Total	1,274,395
• Density	1,486/sq mi (574/km2)
GDP
• Total	$124.285 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern Time Zone)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
Area codes	248 and 947
Website	www.oakgov.com

Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Due to the county's government complex spanning two municipalities, its seat of government is shared between Pontiac and Waterford. Its largest city is Troy.^[4] As of the 2020 Census, its population was 1,274,395,^[5] making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the largest county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year,^[1]^[6] Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents.^[7] It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.

History

Founded by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass in 1819, sparsely settled Oakland was originally twice its current size. As was customary at the time, as populations increased, other counties were organized from its land area. Woodward Avenue and the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad helped draw settlers in the 1840s. By 1840, Oakland had more than fifty lumber mills, processing wood harvested from the region and the Upper Peninsula. Pontiac, located on the Clinton River, was Oakland's first town and became the county seat. After the Civil War, Oakland was still primarily a rural, agricultural county with numerous isolated villages. By the end of the 19th century, three rail lines served Pontiac, and the city attracted carriage and wagon factories. In the late 1890s streetcars were constructed here and to Detroit.^{[citation needed]}

At that time, developers made southern Oakland County a suburb of Detroit; a Cincinnati firm platted a section of Royal Oak called "Urbanrest." Migration worked both ways. Several thousand people moved from Oakland County farms to Detroit as the city attracted factories. By 1910, a number of rich Detroiters had summer homes and some year-round residences in what became Bloomfield Hills. The auto age enveloped Pontiac in the early 1900s. The Oakland Motor Car Company was founded in 1907 and became a part of General Motors Corp., which was soon Pontiac's dominant firm.^[8]

In the 1950s, Oakland County's population boomed as the Detroiters began migrating to the suburbs. While the neighboring Macomb County was more inhabited by auto workers and other blue-collar workers, Oakland County's residents tended to be more affluent and generally white-collar (e.g. doctors, lawyers).^[9] Oakland County was for a time the fourth-wealthiest county in the United States, though its position has declined somewhat since the Great Recession.^[10] The median price of a home in Oakland County increased to $164,697, more than $30,000 above the national median. Oakland County is home to several super-regional shopping malls such as Oakland Mall, Somerset Collection, Twelve Oaks Mall, and Great Lakes Crossing Outlets.

Geography

Grand Trunk Western Railroad Depot, Birmingham

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 907 square miles (2,350 km²), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km²) is land and 40 square miles (100 km²) (4.4%) is water.^[11]

Oakland County was originally divided into 25 separate townships, which are listed below. Each township is roughly equal in size at six miles (9.7 km) by six miles, for a total township area of 36 square miles (93 km²). The roots of this design were born out of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the subsequent Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Oakland County itself is a prime example of the land policy that was established, as all townships are equal in size (save for slight variations due to waterways). Section 16 in each township was reserved for financing and maintaining public education, and even today many schools in Oakland County townships are located within that section.

Wayne County, where the city of Detroit is located, borders Oakland County to the south. 8 Mile Road, also known as "Baseline Road" in some areas, is the boundary between these counties. The baseline was used during the original surveying for Michigan, and it serves as the northern/southern boundaries for counties from Lake St. Clair to Lake Michigan. As more working and middle-class populations moved to the suburbs from the 1950s on, this divide (8 Mile Road) became historically known as an unofficial racial dividing line between what became the predominantly black city and almost exclusively white suburbs.

Since the late 20th century, the patterns of de facto segregation have faded as the suburbs have become more diverse. Middle-class African Americans have left Detroit, settling in inner-ring suburbs, notably Southfield (where the population is 75% Black), west of Woodward Avenue. Based on the 2010 Census, the following cities also have significant non-white populations: Farmington (25.3%), Farmington Hills (31.7%), Novi (30.12%), Oak Park (62.61%), Lathrup Village (72.97%), Orchard Lake Village (16.08%), Rochester Hills (20.94%), Troy (29.4%), Wixom (26.28%), West Bloomfield (24.0%), Bloomfield (18.28%), Bloomfield Hills (14.2%), Ferndale (17.2%), and Madison Heights (17.7%). Ferndale has a concentration of Arab Americans, who also live in nearby areas, and numerous Asian Americans, particularly Indians, have also settled in these areas.

Adjacent counties

Lapeer County (northeast)
Genesee County (northwest)
Macomb County (east)
Wayne County (southeast)
Washtenaw County (southwest)
Livingston County (west)

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1820	330		—
1830	4,911		1,388.2%
1840	23,646		381.5%
1850	31,270		32.2%
1860	38,261		22.4%
1870	40,867		6.8%
1880	41,537		1.6%
1890	41,245		−0.7%
1900	44,792		8.6%
1910	49,576		10.7%
1920	90,050		81.6%
1930	211,251		134.6%
1940	254,068		20.3%
1950	396,001		55.9%
1960	690,259		74.3%
1970	907,871		31.5%
1980	1,011,793		11.4%
1990	1,083,592		7.1%
2000	1,194,156		10.2%
2010	1,202,362		0.7%
2020	1,274,395		6.0%
2023 (est.)	1,270,426	^[12]	−0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census^[13] 1790–1960^[14] 1900–1990^[15] 1990–2000^[16] 2010–2019^[5]

As of the 2010 Census, there were 1,202,362 people and 315,175 families residing in the county. 77.3% were White, 13.6% Black or African American, 5.6% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% of some other race and 2.2% of two or more races. 3.5% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). There were 527,255 housing units at an average density of 564 units per square mile (218 units/km²).^[17]

Regarding ancestry, in 2000 14.4% of the population were ethnically German, 9.0% Irish, 8.5% English, 8.5% Polish, 5.7% Italian and 5.5% American, 87.4% spoke only English at home; 2.0% spoke Spanish, 1.3% Syriac (Neo Aramaic) and 1.0% Arabic. The population density as of the 2000 census was 1,369 people per square mile (529 people/km²). There were 492,006 housing units at an average density of 564 units per square mile (218 units/km²).

The 2000 census showed two Native American tribes with more than 1,000 members in Oakland County. There were 2,095 Cherokee and 1,458 Chippewa.

The Jewish community of metropolitan Detroit, with a population of 72,000, is the 21st largest Jewish community in the nation. This community is concentrated in Oakland County, especially in Southfield, Oak Park, West Bloomfield, Bloomfield Hills, Farmington Hills, Troy and Huntington Woods.^[18]

There were 471,115 households, of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 54.20% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.10% were non-families. 27.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.09.

Among Asian Americans, eight ethnic groups had more than 1,000 members in the county in 2000. The most numerous were those of Asian Indian descent, with 20,705. Next were those of Chinese heritage, numbering 10,018. Next were those of Japanese (5,589), Filipino (5,450) Korean (5,351), Vietnamese (1,687), Pakistani (1,458) and Hmong (1,210) ancestry.^[19]

In 2001, Oakland County had the 36th largest Asian population of any county in the country.^[20] In 2002, of the Oakland-Wayne-Macomb tricounty area, Oakland County had 49% of the tri-county area's Asian population.^[21]

In terms of age, 25.20% of the county's population was under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 32.40% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 11.30% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $86,567, making Oakland County the 71st wealthiest county in the United States.^[22] Males had a median income of $55,833 versus $35,890 for females. The per capita income for the county was $65,759. About 3.80% of families and 5.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.50% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The county government operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has limited authority to make laws or ordinances.^[23] In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Service Center

Most county operations are based at the Oakland County Service Center, which straddles Telegraph Road, split between Pontiac and neighboring Waterford Township.^[24] The east campus (in Pontiac) consists mostly of the courthouse, jail, and Sheriff's Office, while the west campus (in Waterford) contains the county executive's office, Children's Village (the county's juvenile detention center), and the headquarters of Oakland Schools, the Road Commission, and a number of other departments.^[25]^[26]

In May 2023, the county government announced a plan to relocate select offices from the Service Center back to downtown Pontiac.^[27]^[28]

Elected officials

County Executive: Dave Coulter (D-Ferndale)^[29]
Prosecuting Attorney: Karen McDonald (D-Birmingham)^[29]
Sheriff: Mike Bouchard (R-Bloomfield Hills)^[29]
County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Lisa Brown (D-West Bloomfield)^[29]
County Treasurer: Robert Wittenberg (D-Huntington Woods)
Water Resources Commissioner: Jim Nash (D-Farmington Hills)^[29]
Board of Commissioners: 19 members, elected from districts (13 Democrats, 6 Republicans)

Law enforcement

The Oakland County Sheriff's Office is the largest sheriff's department in the state of Michigan. In 2017 it had 859 uniformed officers,^[30] although in 2022 it had nearly 100 unfilled vacancies.^[31] Republican Michael Bouchard has served as the Oakland County Sheriff since 1999.

Ten townships, 3 cities, and 2 villages in the county do not have municipal police forces,^[32] but rather contract with the sheriff for police services specific to the municipalities. Those municipalities are Addison Township (including the village of Leonard), Brandon Township (including the village of Ortonville), Clarkston, Commerce Township, Highland Township, Independence Township, Lyon Township, Oakland Township, Orion Township, Oxford Township, Springfield Township, Pontiac, and Rochester Hills.^[33] The Oakland County Sheriff's Office also operates the county jail, a civil division, marine division, alcohol and traffic enforcement units, and an aviation division. The marine patrol and rescue unit patrols 450 lakes across the county.^[34]

Road Commission

Roads that are not maintained by a local community (city/village) are maintained by the independent Road Commission for Oakland County, which is governed by three board members appointed by the Oakland County Board of Commissioners.^[35]

Politics

United States presidential election results for Oakland County, Michigan^[36]
Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party
Year	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	325,971	42.22%	434,148	56.24%	11,872	1.54%
2016	289,203	43.23%	343,070	51.29%	36,652	5.48%
2012	296,514	45.37%	349,002	53.40%	8,055	1.23%
2008	276,956	41.94%	372,566	56.42%	10,873	1.65%
2004	316,633	49.32%	319,387	49.75%	5,957	0.93%
2000	274,319	48.10%	281,201	49.31%	14,745	2.59%
1996	219,855	43.48%	241,884	47.84%	43,903	8.68%
1992	242,160	43.57%	214,733	38.64%	98,867	17.79%
1988	283,359	61.27%	174,745	37.78%	4,384	0.95%
1984	306,050	66.71%	150,286	32.76%	2,464	0.54%
1980	253,211	54.65%	164,869	35.58%	45,248	9.77%
1976	244,271	58.69%	164,266	39.47%	7,668	1.84%
1972	241,613	63.78%	129,400	34.16%	7,838	2.07%
1968	156,538	45.31%	154,630	44.76%	34,290	9.93%
1964	114,025	38.33%	182,797	61.44%	686	0.23%
1960	162,026	54.27%	135,531	45.39%	1,005	0.34%
1956	152,990	60.37%	99,901	39.42%	527	0.21%
1952	115,503	60.73%	73,871	38.84%	805	0.42%
1948	62,516	53.49%	51,491	44.06%	2,859	2.45%
1944	59,627	51.49%	55,272	47.73%	914	0.79%
1940	49,002	50.71%	47,022	48.67%	599	0.62%
1936	30,071	40.64%	40,329	54.50%	3,597	4.86%
1932	32,462	47.79%	33,135	48.78%	2,331	3.43%
1928	45,343	81.53%	10,011	18.00%	264	0.47%
1924	28,603	81.27%	4,105	11.66%	2,488	7.07%
1920	19,321	70.98%	6,421	23.59%	1,478	5.43%
1916	7,730	51.86%	6,659	44.67%	517	3.47%
1912	4,083	35.46%	3,668	31.86%	3,762	32.68%
1908	6,267	58.18%	3,950	36.67%	554	5.14%
1904	6,986	61.88%	3,956	35.04%	347	3.07%
1900	6,173	53.04%	4,966	42.67%	499	4.29%
1896	5,846	46.01%	5,271	41.49%	1,588	12.50%
1892	4,763	44.98%	4,925	46.51%	902	8.52%
1888	5,389	47.31%	5,410	47.50%	591	5.19%
1884	4,842	45.03%	5,386	50.09%	525	4.88%

Oakland County was historically a bastion of suburban conservatism, and was hence a longstanding stronghold of the Republican Party. In the 1990s it became highly competitive, and since 2008 it has increasingly shifted Democratic, giving over 50% of its votes to the Democratic candidate for president in each election. Republican strength is concentrated in the many exurban townships of the county, while Democratic strength is concentrated in suburbs such as Royal Oak, Farmington Hills, West Bloomfield, and Southfield. Some suburbs, such as Novi, Troy, Birmingham, and Rochester, were historically strongly Republican but are now relatively split between the two parties, with younger adults tending to support Democrats and older residents tending to support Republicans.

In 1996, Bill Clinton became the first Democrat to carry Oakland County since Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and only the fourth to do so since 1892. Al Gore and John Kerry also carried the county, by narrow margins of less than 7,000 and 3,000 votes respectively, against George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004, respectively. In 2008, the county swung significantly to Barack Obama, who became the first Democrat to win a majority in the county since LBJ, and only the third to do so since 1884. (See table at right.) He again carried the county in 2012, though by a smaller margin. Hillary Clinton won a narrow majority in 2016. In 2020, Joe Biden won 56 percent of the vote. He received over 400,000 votes, and became the first Democrat to carry the county by a margin of over 100,000 votes.

While the Democratic Party has found increasing success in presidential elections in Oakland County, the state Republican Party has remained strong in some recent gubernatorial and state elections. The county favored Republican Rick Snyder by a 22-point margin in the 2010 Michigan gubernatorial election and again by a 12-point margin in the 2014 election; conversely, the county favored Democratic candidate Gretchen Whitmer by a 17-point margin in the 2018 election and again by a 23-point margin in the 2022 election. Republicans held a majority on the County Commission for most of its history, but following the 2018 elections, Democrats won a narrow 11-10 majority on the commission.^[37]

In the 118th Congress, Oakland County is represented by four Democrats: Debbie Dingell (6th), Elissa Slotkin (7th), Haley Stevens (11th), and Rashida Tlaib (12th) and two Republicans: John James (10th) and Lisa McClain (9th).

Transportation

Air

Oakland County International Airport (PTK) (Waterford Township) – General aviation and charter passenger flights.
Oakland/Troy Airport (VLL) (Troy) – General aviation and charter passenger flights.

The following airports are located in neighboring counties:

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) – Major commercial airport and hub for Delta Air Lines and Spirit Airlines located in Wayne County.
Bishop International Airport (FNT) – Commercial airport located in Genesee County.
Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET) – General aviation airport in Detroit.

Major highways

I-75 (Walter P. Chrysler Freeway) is the main north–south highway in the region, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Fisher and Detroit-Toledo Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.
I-96 runs northwest–southeast through Oakland County and (as the Jeffries Freeway) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit.
I-696 (Walter P. Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit.
US 24 ends just outside of Clarkston at I-75. To the south, US 24 serves suburban Detroit and Monroe before entering Ohio. Much of US 24 in Oakland County is named Telegraph Road, and it is a major north–south road extending from Toledo, Ohio, through Monroe, Wayne, and Oakland Counties to Pontiac. It gained notoriety in a song (Telegraph Road) by the group Dire Straits.
M-1 (Woodward Avenue) has a northern terminus in Pontiac. The route continues southerly from Oakland County into the City of Detroit, ending downtown. The Detroit Zoo is located along M-1 in Oakland County. M-1 is also home to the Woodward Dream Cruise, a classic-car cruise from Pontiac to Ferndale that is held in August. It is the largest single-day classic-car cruise in America.
M-5 (Haggerty Connector) provides expressway access from Commerce and West Bloomfield Townships at Pontiac Trail to the I-96/I-275/I-696 interchange, then follows the Farmington bypass to Grand River Avenue west of Middlebelt Road, continuing along Grand River into downtown Detroit.
M-10 (John C. Lodge Freeway) runs largely parallel to I-75 from Southfield to downtown Detroit. The service drives are named Northwestern Highway.
M-15 (Ortonville Road, Main Street in Clarkston)
M-24 (Lapeer Road) has a southern terminus at I-75 northeast of Pontiac. To the north, the route continues to Lapeer and beyond. Note: M-24 and US 24 do not intersect at present, although this was the case until the 1950s.
M-39 (Southfield Freeway) runs north–south from I-94 in Allen Park to Southfield. North of Nine Mile Road, the freeway ends and continues as Southfield Road into Birmingham.
M-59 (Highland Road [from Pontiac westerly], Huron Street [within Pontiac] and Veterans Memorial Freeway [Pontiac to Utica]), continues east in Macomb County as Hall Road to Clinton Township and west to I-96 near Howell
M-102 Perhaps better known as 8 Mile Road, M-102 follows the Oakland–Wayne county line for most of its length. 8 Mile Road, known by many due to the film 8 Mile, forms the dividing line between Detroit on the south and the suburbs of Macomb and Oakland counties on the north. It is also known as Baseline Road outside of Detroit, because it coincides with the baseline used in surveying Michigan; that baseline is also the boundary for a number of Michigan counties. It is designated M-102 for much of its length in Wayne County.
M-150 (Rochester Road) serves as a spur highway from M-59 into the city of Rochester.
Grand River Avenue connects the suburbs of Brighton, Novi, and Farmington to downtown Detroit. The avenue follows the route of old US 16 before I-96 replaced it in 1962. It is one of the five roads planned by Judge August Woodward to radiate out from Detroit and connect the city to other parts of the state.

Intercity rail

Amtrak's thrice-daily Wolverine serves Oakland County, with stations in Pontiac, Troy, and Royal Oak, before continuing on to Detroit and west to Chicago.

Mile roads

Surface-street navigation in metro Detroit is commonly anchored by "mile roads," major east–west surface streets that are spaced at one-mile (1.6 km) intervals and increment as one travels north and away from the city center. Mile roads sometimes have two names, the numeric name (e.g., 15 Mile Road), used in Macomb County, and a local name (e.g., Maple Road), used in Oakland County (for the most part).

Bicycling

The conditions on most non-residential roads in Oakland County are not favorable to bicycling. Exceptions to this are primarily in the inner-ring suburbs within the southeast corner of the county. This is due to their street grid.

A primary reason for these unfavorable cycling conditions is the Road Commission for Oakland County has a policy of not accommodating bicycles on the road. As a result, some communities have designated sidepaths (locally called "safety paths") as bike routes which do not meet the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines for bicycling facilities and have been found to be less safe than on-road bike facilities.^[38]

As a result, there are no designated Bicycle Friendly Communities within Oakland County.

Only the city of Ferndale has a built comprehensive bicycle network of bike lanes and signed shared roadways.

Education

The County of Oakland counterpart in public education (K–12) is the Oakland Schools, an Intermediate school district. The county is also home to multiple renowned private elementary and high schools, including The Roeper School and Cranbrook.

Higher education

K-12 education

School districts:^[39]

Sports

Club	League	Venue	Established	Championships
Oakland County FC	Premier League of America, Soccer	Clawson Park Stadium	2015

The NFL's Detroit Lions played their home games at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac from 1975 through 2001, when they moved to Ford Field in Downtown Detroit. The Detroit Pistons played at the Silverdome from 1978 to 1988. The Silverdome was also the site of Super Bowl XVI, where the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Cincinnati Bengals, the first of 5 Super Bowl titles for the 49ers. The Pontiac Silverdome also hosted various other sporting events, prior to being demolished in 2017.

From 1988 to 2017, prior to the move to Little Caesars Arena in Detroit, the Detroit Pistons played their home games at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills. The Palace of Auburn Hills was demolished in 2020.^[40]