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Look up proto or proto- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proto or PROTO may refer to: Proto-, an English prefix meaning "first" Proto (magazine), an...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Look up proto or proto-human in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proto-human may refer to: Archaic Homo sapiens, a loosely defined classification that...

*-a. A relative chronology of about 20 sound changes from Proto–Northwest Germanic to Proto–West Germanic (some of them only regional) was published by...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed...

The Proto-Sinaitic script is a Middle Bronze Age writing system known from a small corpus of about 30–40 inscriptions and fragments from Serabit el-Khadim...

The proto-cuneiform script was a system of proto-writing that emerged in Mesopotamia c. 3350–3200 BC (during the Uruk period), eventually developing into...

The Proto-Ionians are the hypothetical earliest speakers of the Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, chiefly in the works of Jean Faucounau. The relation...

Proto-Somalis were the ancient people and ancestors of Somalis who lived in present-day Somalia. Literature on proto-Somalis largely uses a time-frame...

into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian, and Proto-South Dravidian, although the date of diversification is still debated. As a proto-language...

rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Proto-Semitic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Semitic languages. There...

Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets. Cottage industries...

Proto-writing consists of visible marks communicating limited information. Such systems emerged from earlier traditions of symbol systems in the early...

The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a postulated prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor...

Proto-Afroasiatic may refer to Proto-Afroasiatic language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Afroasiatic languages Proto-Afroasiatic homeland,...

Look up protos in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Protos means "first," derived from the ancient Greek πρῶτος. Protos may also refer to: Protos (monastic...

The term Proto-Malay, which translates to Melayu Asli (aboriginal Malay) or Melayu Purba (ancient Malay) or Melayu Tua (old Malay), refers to Austronesian...

Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the...

Look up proto-language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A proto-language is a hypothetical or reconstructed language from which a number of known languages...

topic of: Proto-Turkic Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Proto.in is an Indian start-up event platform which had its first edition in January 2007. The platform was started by Chennai based not-for profit body...

Proto-fascism represents the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of fascism. The term protofascism...

Proto-religion may refer to: Urreligion, a notion of an "original" or "oldest" form of religious tradition Early stages in the origin of religion in the...

The Proto-Greek language, also known as Proto-Hellenic, is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including...

Richard C. Proto (February 9, 1940 – July 27, 2008) was a noted American cryptographer and former Director of Research and Advanced Technology at the...

Cap’n Proto is a data serialization format and Remote Procedure Call (RPC) framework for exchanging data between computer programs. The high-level design...

Proto 2 is the name of the $55 million initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, to create a thought-controlled prosthetic...

A proto-city is a large, dense Neolithic settlement that is largely distinguished from a city by its lack of planning and centralized rule. The term mega-sites...

Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages...

Proto-Norse, or Ancient Nordic, was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic...

The Proto-Human language, also known as Proto-Sapiens, Proto-World, or the Urlanguage is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of all human languages...

Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA), also known as Proto-Hamito-Semitic, Proto-Semito-Hamitic, and Proto-Afrasian, is the hypothetical proto-language from which all...

In Greek mythology, Proto or Protho (/ˈprəʊtəʊ/; Ancient Greek: Πρωτὼ Prôtô means 'the first' or 'the receiver') was the Nereid of the first or maiden...

tree model, Proto-Uralic diverged into Proto-Samoyedic and Proto-Finno-Ugric. However, reconstructed Proto-Finno-Ugric differs little from Proto-Uralic, and...

Proto-Sphera is an Italian experiment in the ENEA research laboratory at Frascati, Italy, aiming to study the development of a spherical fusion reactor...

Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also called Proto-West Caucasian (PWC) or Proto-Abkhaz-Adyghe, is the reconstructed common ancestor...

Proto-Protestantism, also called pre-Protestantism, refers to individuals and movements that propagated various ideas later associated with Protestantism...

Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It...

The Proto-Elamite script is a writing system used briefly during the early Bronze Age before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform. It remains largely...

Proto-punk (or protopunk) is music that foreshadowed the punk rock genre and sensibilities of the punk movement, particularly rock music artists during...

Proto-Indo-Iranian, also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its...

Proto Motors (Korean: 프로토자동차) was a South Korean sports car manufacturer and coachbuilder. Proto Motors was established in 1997 by the couple Han-chul...

Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) is the linguistic reconstruction of the Sino-Tibetan proto-language and the common ancestor of all languages in it, including...

The proto-mitochondrion is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend, after an...

Proto-Japonic, also known as Proto-Japanese or Proto-Japanese–Ryukyuan, is the reconstructed language ancestral to the Japonic language family. It has...

of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term family is a metaphor borrowed from biology...

(2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal) *h > Ø...

earlier, reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India. As a proto-language, the Proto-Dravidian language is...

Proto-Finnic or Proto-Baltic-Finnic is the common ancestor of the Finnic languages, which include the national languages Finnish and Estonian. Proto-Finnic...

Proto-Gnosticism or pre-Gnosticism refers to movements similar to Gnosticism during the first century of Christianity. Proto-Gnostics did not have the...

Proto-Eskaleut or Proto-Eskimo–Aleut (sometimes Proto-Inuit-Yupik-Unangan) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Eskaleut languages, the family...

Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a descendant of the Proto-Oceanic...

Proto-Kaw is an American progressive rock band. Featuring Kerry Livgren, the group is a reformation of a band formed in the early 1970s which served as...

Proto Thema (Greek: Πρώτο Θέμα, pronounced [ˈproto ˈθema] English: Lead Story) is a Greek newspaper, published every Sunday. It was founded in 2005 by...

The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. It is not directly attested...

Proto-Cubism (also referred to as Protocubism, Early Cubism, and Pre-Cubism or Précubisme) is an intermediary transition phase in the history of art chronologically...

Proto-Oceanic (abbreviated as POc) is a proto-language that historical linguists since Otto Dempwolff have reconstructed as the hypothetical common ancestor...

The Proto-Elamite period, also known as Susa III, is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam, dating from c. 3100 BC to 2700 BC...

The Proto-Indo-European homeland was the prehistoric homeland of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), the region where the proto-language was spoken...

Proto-orthodox Christianity or proto-orthodoxy was the early Christian movement that was the precursor of Christian orthodoxy. Older literature often referred...

ancient Roman writers referred to the ancestors of Slavs as Venedi. The proto-Slavic term Slav shares roots with Slavic terms for speech, word, and perhaps...

for its proto-language makes Afroasiatic the oldest language family accepted by contemporary linguists. Reconstructed timelines of when Proto-Afroasiatic...

prevocalic p in Proto-Celtic. Development of prevocalic s to h in Proto-Greek, with later loss of h between vowels. Verner's law in Proto-Germanic. Grassmann's...

Proto is a national science magazine and website produced by Massachusetts General Hospital in collaboration with Time Inc. The magazine was launched...

Proto-Eskimoan, Proto-Eskimo, or Proto-Inuit-Yupik, is the reconstructed ancestor of the Eskimo languages. It was spoken by the ancestors of the Yupik...

Proto Tools (formally Stanley Proto) is an American industrial hand tool company. Founded as Plomb, it is presently a division of Stanley Black & Decker...

Proto-globalization or early modern globalization is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1500 and 1800, following...

Proto.io is an application prototyping platform launched in 2011 and developed by PROTOIO Inc. Originally designed to prototype on mobile devices, Proto...

The Proto-Afroasiatic homeland is the hypothetical place where speakers of the Proto-Afroasiatic language lived in a single linguistic community, or complex...

origins is debated. The traditional "Celtic from the East" theory, says the proto-Celtic language arose in the late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central...

Proto-Canaanite is the name given to: The Proto-Sinaitic script when found in Canaan, dating to about the 17th century BC and later. A hypothetical ancestor...

Proto-Austroasiatic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austroasiatic languages. Proto-Mon–Khmer (i.e., all Austroasiatic branches except for Munda)...

A proto-metabolism is a network of linked chemical reactions in a prebiotic environment that resembled modern metabolic pathways but was primarily controlled...

Proto:87 is a set of model railroad engineering standards that originated in the United Kingdom and continental Europe in the late 1960s, providing a...

The Proto-Villanovan culture (approximately 1175 BCE – 960 BCE) was a late Bronze Age culture that appeared in Italy, part of the central European Urnfield...

Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the proto-language from which the various Algonquian languages are descended. It is generally estimated...

The SEAT Proto T (1989), the SEAT Proto C (1990) and the SEAT Proto TL (1990) are all concept cars designed for SEAT by Giorgetto Giugiaro’s Italdesign...

Proto-Balto-Slavic (PBS or PBSl) is a reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European (PIE). From Proto-Balto-Slavic, the later Balto-Slavic...

Proto-Berber or Proto-Libyan is the reconstructed proto-language from which the modern Berber languages descend. Proto-Berber was an Afroasiatic language...

Proto is a six-member progressive rock band, originally from Memphis, which moved to Chattanooga (Tennessee) in January 2003, after recording their first...

Silvestro "Silvio" Proto (born 23 May 1983) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Proto spent the majority of his career...

chữ Nôm, variously dated to the 12th and 15th centuries. Compared with Proto-Vietic, the language had lost the voicing distinction on stop initials,...

Proto-Chadic Proto-Omotic Proto-Niger–Congo Proto-Bantu Proto-Mande Proto-Yoruboid Proto-Basque Proto-Northwest Caucasian Proto-Abazgi Proto-Circassian Proto-Kabardian...

This is a list of notable proto-punk artists and bands. Brackett, David (2000). Interpreting Popular Music. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780520225411...

Proto-Albanian is the ancestral reconstructed language of Albanian, before the Gheg–Tosk dialectal diversification (before c. 600 CE). Albanoid and other...

strong support in the linguistic data. Attempts at reconstructing a Proto-Finno-Ugric proto-language, a common ancestor of all Uralic languages except for...

specifically developed for each of the languages — Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Tungusic, Middle Korean and Proto-Japonic — indicated partial support for...

Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages. Note on Orthography: This article...

The Proto-Uralic homeland is the earliest location in which the Proto-Uralic language was spoken, before its speakers dispersed geographically causing...

Proto-Hakka (also called Common Neo-Hakka, CNH) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all Hakka varieties descend. Like all branches of the Sinitic...

Proto-Basque (Basque: aitzineuskara; Spanish: protoeuskera, protovasco; French: proto-basque) is a reconstructed ancient stage of the Basque language...

that are reconstructable for Proto-Slavic have been identified as borrowings from the languages of various tribes that Proto-Slavic speakers interacted...

Proto-prog (short for proto-progressive) is the earliest work associated with the first wave of progressive rock music, known then as "progressive pop"...

an estimated 2 billion speakers. All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia, Iron Age Northern Germany and...

Proto-Mongoloid is an outdated racial classification of human beings based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. In anthropological theories of...

strongly associated with the Proto-Indo-European invention of the chariot. It is assumed that this expansion spread from the Proto-Indo-European homeland north...

Proto-Anatolian is the proto-language from which the ancient Anatolian languages emerged (i.e. Hittite and its closest relatives). As with almost all other...

Proto-Hmong–Mien (PHM), also known as Proto-Miao–Yao (PMY; Chinese: 原始苗瑶语), is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages. Lower-level reconstructions...

Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs...

The Proto-Kartvelian language, or Common Kartvelian (Georgian: წინარექართველური ენა, romanized: ts'inarekartveluri ena, Georgian: პროტოქართველური ენა...

The Proto-Tethys or Theic Ocean was an ancient ocean that existed from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous (550–330 Ma). The name "Proto-Tethys"...

PROTO is a proposed nuclear fusion reactor to be implemented after 2050, a successor to the ITER and DEMO projects. It is part of the European Commission...

so never formed part of this literary standard. Proto-Goidelic, or Proto-Gaelic, is the proposed proto-language for all branches of Goidelic. It is proposed...

from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Early Middle Ages, which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic...

hypothetical common ancestor, Proto-Batak (which in turn originates from Proto-Austronesian). The sound system of Proto-Batak was reconstructed by Adelaar...

Proto-Iranian or Proto-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family and thus the ancestor...

Proto-Tai is the reconstructed proto-language (common ancestor) of all the Tai languages, including modern Lao, Shan, Tai Lü, Tai Dam, Ahom, Northern Thai...

The Proto-Mongols emerged from an area in Central and Northeast Asia that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the Upper...

additional branches.[citation needed] Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed proto-languages of different Atlantic–Congo branches: Mukarovsky, Hans (1976)...

Proto-Bantu is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Bantu languages, a subgroup of the Southern Bantoid languages. It is thought to have originally...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

The Davis Strait proto-microcontinent is a failed microcontinent located in the Davis Strait between Greenland and Canada discovered in 2024. It is roughly...

reconstructions of Proto-Germanic grammar, as inherited from Proto-Indo-European grammar. All reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). Proto-Germanic...

Other Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse) Proto-Italo-Celtic (Proto-Celtic · Proto-Italic) Proto-Greek Proto-Balto-Slavic...

Proto-Baltic (PB, PBl, Common Baltic) is the unattested, reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all Baltic languages. It is not attested in writing...

Southeastern Europe. There are in the vicinity of 200 Indo-Aryan languages. Proto-Indo-Aryan was very close to Vedic Sanskrit, though some of the later Prakrits...

Proto-Celtic religion refers to the belief systems attributed to the speakers of the Proto-Celtic language, and encompasses mythological themes, legendary...

Proto-Malayic is a reconstructed proto-language of the Malayic languages, which are nowadays widespread throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei in Maritime...

development and origin. A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method, descending from Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined...

Proto-Semitic language#Phonology for details on the phonological reconstruction of Proto-Semitic used in this article). The reconstruction of Proto-Semitic...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Proto-Indo-Aryan (sometimes Proto-Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of...

The Proto–Three Kingdoms period (Korean: 원삼국시대; Hanja: 原三國時代) refers to the proto-historical period in the Korean Peninsula after the fall of Old Chosŏn...

dialects as follows: Proto-Ainu Proto-Hokkaido–Kuril Hokkaido dialects Kuril dialects Proto-Sakhalin Sakhalin dialects The proto-language was reconstructed...

Proto-Samoyedic, or Proto-Samoyed, is the reconstructed ancestral language of the Samoyedic languages: Nenets (Tundra and Forest), Enets, Nganasan, Selkup...

heavily influenced by the Proto-Turkic (later, the Lir-Turkic) language. The stages of historical Mongolic are: Pre-Proto-Mongolic, from approximately...

genetic correspondence between the vowel harmonies of Proto-Korean, Proto-Mongolian, and Proto-Tungusic based on an original RTR harmony. This is one...

Proto-Sámi is the hypothetical, reconstructed common ancestor of the Sámi languages. Its reconstructed ancestor is the Proto-Uralic language. Proto-Sámi...

Proto-Indo-Iranian religion was the religion of the Indo-Iranian peoples and includes topics such as the mythology, legendry, folk tales, and folk beliefs...

Grimm (1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto-language was August Schleicher (1821–1868) in his Compendium der vergleichenden...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Frank Proto (born July 18, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American composer and bassist who graduated from the Manhattan School of Music in 1966 with...

characteristics include: The retention of the Proto-Celtic sequences *am and *an, which mostly result from the Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasals. Celtic /w/...

and devotees during the 1980s. The style has also been referred to as "proto-punk", or, in certain instances, "frat rock". In the early to mid-1980s...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Proto-Arabic is the name given to the hypothetical reconstructed ancestor of all the varieties of Arabic attested since the 9th century BC. There are...

inclusion of Venetic in the Italic branch. Proto-Italic (or Proto-Italo-Venetic) Proto-Venetic Venetic (550–100 BC) Proto-Latino-Sabellic Latino-Faliscan Early...

Radio Proto (Greek: Ράδιο Πρώτο) is a privately owned radio broadcasting station in Cyprus. It was launched on September 3, 1990 in the capital Nicosia...

7000 BC. In this context, the proto-language before the split of Anatolian would be called Proto-Indo-Hittite, and the proto-language of the remaining branches...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Proto-Algic (sometimes abbreviated PAc) is the proto-language from which the Algic languages (Wiyot language, Yurok language, and Proto-Algonquian) are...

other Indo-European speaking groups in Europe descended from a mixture of Proto-Indo-Europeans and Early European Farmers. During the 5th and 4th millennium...

arose during this period. The major sites were 'En Esur and Meggido. These "proto-Canaanites" were in regular contact with the other peoples to their south...

Proto-Zionism (or Forerunner of Zionism; Hebrew: מְבַשְרֵי הציונות, pronounced: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) is a concept in historiography describing Jewish...

Proto-Athabaskan is the reconstructed ancestor of the Athabaskan languages. The Athabaskan languages have been recognized as a genetic grouping for more...

Proto-Mienic or Proto-Yao (Chinese: 原始瑶语) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Mienic languages. Reconstructions of Proto-Mienic (Proto-Yao) include those...

languages, migrated from Central Asia into South Asia, and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely...

the Munda languages, which are poorly documented. Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with the Proto-Austroasiatic language with their demotion from a...

linguists, and significant progress has been made in reconstructing the proto-language, Proto-Japonic. The reconstruction implies a split between all dialects...

Proto-Romance is the result of applying the comparative method to reconstruct the latest common ancestor of the Romance languages. The closest real-life...

Proto-Koreanic language, which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria. Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans...

Proto-Armenian is the reconstructed, unattested ancestral stage of the Armenian language, encompassing its development from Proto-Indo-European to the...

from Proto-Algic, a second-order proto-language estimated to have been spoken about 5,000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto-Algonquian...

Proto-Niger–Congo is the hypothetical reconstructed proto-language of the proposed Niger–Congo language family. Unlike Nilo-Saharan, the Niger–Congo language...

Proto-Bopper is an album by pianist Joe Albany recorded in 1972 and released on the Revelation label in the US and on Spotlite in the UK. Allmusic's Scott...

aspirated and reinforced stops and affricates, but Proto-Korean is reconstructed with a single set, like Proto-Japonic and Ainu but unlike Tungusic, Mongolic...

Below are selected Proto-Northeast Caucasian reconstructions of basic vocabulary items by Johanna Nichols, which she refers to as Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian...

Ludovic Proto (born 30 April 1965 in Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe) is a French former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1998. At welterweight...

related sister dialects. He uses the term Proto-Basque-Aquitanian for the reconstructed common ancestor of Proto-Basque and the other Aquitanian dialects...

The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian...

The Proto-Slavic accent is the accentual system of Proto-Slavic and is closely related to the accentual system of some Baltic languages (Lithuanian and...

Proto-Kra–Dai (typically abbreviated as PKD) is the proposed reconstructed ancestor of the Kra–Dai languages. No full reconstruction of Proto-Kra–Dai...

languages descend from the Proto-Mayan language, which has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method. The proto-Mayan language diversified...

language is a West Slavic language, and thus descends from Proto-Slavic, and more distantly from Proto-Indo-European; more specifically, it is a member of the...

includes 19 consonants: Proto-Arawakan vowels by Nikulin (2019): Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002): For lists of Proto-Arawakan reconstructions...

Elements of a Proto-Uralic religion can be recovered from reconstructions of the Proto-Uralic language. According to linguist Ante Aikio, although "evidence...

Proto-Yeniseian or Proto-Yeniseic is the unattested reconstructed proto-language from which all Yeniseian languages are thought to descend. It is uncertain...

Proto-Nuristani is the reconstructed proto-language of the Nuristani languages. Proto-Nuristani is descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian, which in turn is...

Proto-Yoruboid is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Yoruboid languages, a subgroup of the Volta-Niger languages. It was likely spoken in what is...

quasi-state (sometimes referred to as a state-like entity or formatively a proto-state) is a political entity that does not represent a fully autonomous...

Proto-Ryukyuan is the reconstructed ancestor of the Ryukyuan languages, probably associated with the Gusuku culture in the early second millennium AD...

Proto-Munda is the reconstructed proto-language of the Munda languages of the Indian subcontinent. It has been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015). According...

the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family. The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians...

Proto-Kabardian (or Proto Eastern Circassian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Kabardian dialects and the Besleney dialect. Together with its...

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers)...

Proto-Surrealism is a term used for Surrealism avant-la-lettre. It is the study of various forms of art, literature, and other mediums that correspond...

Proto-Temotu (abbreviated as PTm) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Temotu languages of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. It belongs to the Oceanic...

"Proto Labs: Weiter auf Wachstumskurs mit neuer Betriebsstätte". Plasticker. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Adrienne Burke (3 January 2014). "How Proto Labs...

Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of peoples who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and the derived Indo-European languages, which took...

The Serabit el-Khadim proto-Sinaitic inscriptions are about 30 early alphabetic inscriptions in proto-Sinaitic script found at or in the vicinity of Serabit...

In the Proto-Italic language, verbs displayed a complex system of inflectional morphology with conjugation according to mood, voice, tense, person, and...

Malayo-Polynesian languages in the Austronesian family. The ancestor of this subfamily, proto-Chamic, is associated with the Sa Huỳnh culture, its speakers arriving in...

sauropsid lineage. Modern alternatives sometimes used include stem mammals, proto-mammals, paramammals or pan-mammals. Most lineages of pelycosaur-grade synapsids...

Proto-Australian (PA) is the proposed common ancestor of nearly all Australian Aboriginal languages. It is hypothesised to have been spoken sometime between...

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی, pronounced [kʊrdiː] ) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely...

phonological developments (sound changes) from the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) to Proto-Germanic, in Proto-Germanic itself, and in various Germanic subfamilies...

mainly of proto-Koreanic with proto-Japonic (Yayoi) influence, while modern Japanese language is composed mainly of proto-Japonic (Yayoi) with proto-Koreanic...

and Austronesian: Proto-Austronesian final *-q and Proto-Kra-Dai *-k/-C: Proto-Austronesian final *-s and Proto-Kra-Dai *-c: Proto-Austronesian final...

considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. It is also possible that some of these are not innovations...

A Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root word may be: Proto-Indo-European root noun Root aspect (root present and root aorist) in a Proto-Indo-European verb Proto-Indo-European...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

The Proto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages, a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages...

Proto-Esperanto (Esperanto: Pra-Esperanto) is the modern term for any of the stages in the evolution of L. L. Zamenhof's language project, prior to the...

Another form of "proto-writing" was used at Susa and in southwestern Iran: Proto-Elamite. It is often seen as a local adaptation of the Proto-cuneiform, therefore...

Proto-Quechuan is the hypothetical proto-language that would have given rise to the various languages of the Quechuan language family. This proto-language...

Proto-Hlai is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Wu (2000)...

Proto-Nahuan (also called Proto-Aztecan) is a hypothetical daughter language of the Proto-Uto-Aztecan language. It is the common ancestor from which the...

gentilic nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian language *arya- (meaning "Aryan", i.e. "of the Iranians"). In the...

The Proto-Slavic language, the hypothetical ancestor of the modern-day Slavic languages, developed from the ancestral Proto-Balto-Slavic language (c....

Proto-celadon (Chinese: 灰釉陶, also 原始青瓷) was a type of Chinese ceramic which developed during the Shang and Jin periods. It is often described as "proto-porcelain"...

Some lexical isoglosses between Proto-Western Nyulnyulan and Proto-Eastern Nyulnyulan: The following reconstruction of Proto-Nyulnyulan is from Stokes and...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Indo-European may also refer to: Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Indo-European languages Proto-Indo-Europeans (or “Indo-Europeans”)...

(often labelled Old West Norse and Old East Norse) that developed from Proto-Norse and later evolved into the modern North Germanic languages, including...

Proto-Avar is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of the Avar–Andic languages, part of the Northeast Caucasian languages. Studia Caucasica. Peter...

The Hyperion proto-supercluster is the largest and earliest known proto-supercluster, 5,000 times the mass of the Milky Way and seen at 20% of the current...

name for the number "ten" originates from the Proto-Germanic root *tehun, which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *déḱm̥. This root is the...

Proto-Cushitic is the reconstructed proto-language common ancestor of the Cushitic language family. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any...

2018 24H Proto Series Previous 2017 Next 2019 The 2018 24H Proto Series powered by Hankook was the second season of the 24H Proto Series. Creventic was...

Proto 2 may refer to: Proto 2, the name of an initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA. Proto 2 (aircraft), a Romanian biplane...

In applied mathematics, proto-value functions (PVFs) are automatically learned basis functions that are useful in approximating task-specific value functions...

The Pashupati seal (also Mahayogi seal, Proto-Śhiva seal the adjective "so-called" sometimes applied to "Pashupati"), is a steatite seal which was uncovered...

Honken & Heine (2010) reconstruct six places of click articulation for Proto-Kxʼa: the five coronal places that occur in Central ǃKung, plus the bilabial...

Anatolian language family split from (Proto)-Indo-European. Recent genetic and archaeological research has indicated that Proto-Anatolian speakers arrived in...

Proto-Mayan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living Mayan languages, as well as the Classic Maya language documented in the Maya inscriptions...

Proto 1 was a training biplane designed by Major Ștefan Protopopescu in collaboration with Dumitru Baziliu and Gheorghe Ticău at Arsenalul Aeronautic...

"Illyrian" is defined as the ancient precursor of Albanian or the sibling of Proto-Albanian it is automatically included in this IE branch. Albanoid is also...

The Basilica of Saint Joseph Proto-Cathedral is a Catholic parish church at 310 West Stephen Foster Avenue in Bardstown, Kentucky. It is the original...

as follows. Proto-Sahaptian Nez Perce Sahaptin Columbia River dialect Northern dialect Northwest dialect Northeast dialect Work on Proto-Sahaptian reconstruction...

of Proto-Mount Brown and Proto-Doromu-Koki, as well as Proto-Gebi and Proto-Maria, by Usher (2020) are: The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Manubaran...

stone structures reminiscent of the Aeolic order, widely known as "Proto-Aeolic" or "Proto-Ionian" capitals, were especially common in the Southern Levant...

between Chadic and Adamawa is limited. Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351): Sample basic...

Proto-Tupian (PT) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all the Tupian languages. It consists, therefore, of a hypothetical language, reconstructed...

Tupi–Guarani. **Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the eight Tupi-Guarani groups as listed...

= Proto-Nakh, PDL = Proto-Dargi-Lak, PLK = Proto-Lezgic-Khinalugh, PAAT = Proto-Avar–Andic–Tsezic, PNEC = Proto-Northeast Caucasian, PNWC = Proto-Northwest...

Proto-Hmongic or Proto-Miao (Chinese: 原始苗语) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmongic languages. In China, the first comprehensive reconstruction of...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Blench (2018). Proto-South Sulawesi (PSS) has been reconstructed by Mills (1975a, 1975b). The Proto-South-Sulawesi vowel *ɨ is a reflex of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian...

Anatolian Turkish gök < Ottoman گوك gök < Proto-Turkic kȫk, "sky"; Anatolian dağ < Ottoman طاغ dağ < Proto-Turkic tāg "mountain") Loss of q/ɣ after ɯ/u...

Proto-Siouan, sometimes known as Proto-Siouan–Catawban, is the reconstructed ancestor of the Siouan languages. Although the attested daughter languages...

reconstruction of Proto-Kra. Proto-Kra Proto-South-Western Kra Proto-Western Kra (Gelao, Lachi) Proto-Southern Kra (Laha) Proto-Central-East Kra Proto-Central Kra...

of heavy metal. These albums would later be retroactively categorized as Proto-metal. Heavy metal itself only became a distinct genre around 1964–70. Blue...

hypothetical Proto-Central Luzon language. Some consonants were lost in Proto-Central Luzon when it evolved from either Proto-Malayo-Polynesian or Proto-Philippine...

including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, the Yayoi, recorded by the Chinese, and the Mississippian...

Ugric language family due to considerable dialectical differences. A common Proto-Ugric language is posited to have been spoken from the end of the 3rd millennium BC...

1925, producing four models of aircraft: Astra-Șeșefschi, Proto 1, Proto 2 and Astra-Proto. From 1915, the Marta factory had been producing Austro-Daimler...

cluster of modern lects that are phylogenetic descendants of the proto-Kamta language. The proto-Kamta language began differentiating after 1250 around Kamatapur...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Hokan) with Shastan, Chimariko, and Karuk. The original reconstruction of proto-Palaihnihan suffered from poor quality data. David Olmsted's dictionary...

branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from the hypothetical Proto-Celtic language. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language...

Muschampia proto, the sage skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Morocco, Algeria, the Iberian Peninsula and southern France...

the languages. Proto-Oto-Manguean has been reconstructed by Robert E. Longacre and Calvin Rensch. The phonological system of the proto-language has nine...

and some areas in Africa from the 16th to the 19th centuries, a period of proto-industrialization. Some commentators argue that it is still practised in...

Anthony D. Smith described them as an "archetypal diaspora people". The Proto-Greeks probably arrived in the area now called Greece, in the southern tip...

and Li (2010) considers Proto-Siraya belongs to East Formosan languages, along with Kavalanic and Amis languages. The Proto-Siraya language is the reconstructed...

treated phonology and morphology, and Delbrück treated syntax. The grammar of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is reconstructed from those of its daughter languages...

Proto-Iroquoian is the reconstructed ancestor of the Iroquoian languages. In 1961, Floyd Lounsbury estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500...

the Proto-Northern Luzon sound system as follows, with phonemic stress: The sound inventory of Proto-Northern Luzon shows no innovations from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian...

Proto-Assamese, Proto-Bengali, Proto-Maithili, Proto-Oriya in modern times, which is why Sureshchandra Bhattacharyya suggested neutral acronyms Proto-BAM...

for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead. Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes, normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition...

proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation: Proto-Yapen: Proto-Western Yapen (Proto-Central–Western...

Proto-Mongolic is the hypothetical ancestor language of the modern Mongolic languages. It is very close to the Middle Mongol language, the language spoken...

Proto-Uto-Aztecan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Uto-Aztecan languages. Authorities on the history of the language group have usually placed...

tell if the similarities in CSNG are shared innovations or retentions from proto-TNG. Voorhoeve argues specifically for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley...

Neil Thomas Proto (born September 4, 1945) is an American lawyer, teacher, lecturer, and author. He chaired Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

debated. Laurentia and Baltica first formed a continental mass known as Proto-Laurasia as part of the supercontinent Columbia which was assembled 2,100–1...

Proto–Central Pacific (abbreviated as PCP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Central Pacific languages. It belongs to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian...

Proto-Salish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Salishan languages. The first scholar to suggest a homeland for Proto-Salish was Franz Boas in...

Indo-European languages) spoken in prehistoric Greece prior to the emergence of the Proto-Greek language in the region c. 3200–2200 BC, during the Early Helladic...

Austric languages Proto-Hlai language Proto-Hmong–Mien language Proto-Kam–Sui language Proto-Kra language Proto-Tibeto-Burman language Proto-Tai language Sino-Austronesian...

plateau by the Iranians, who were closely related to the Indo-Aryans. The Proto-Indo-Iranian culture, which gave rise to the Indo-Aryans and Iranians, developed...

systems, comparison is usually done between them and the reconstructed Proto-Athabaskan language. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than...

the Proto-Jê unstressed syllables of the shape *pV- were neutralized in the Cerrado languages: Proto-Cerrado *pᵊ- (> Proto-Goyaz Jê *py-/*pu-, Proto-Akuwẽ...

The Proto is a type of rebreather that was made by Siebe Gorman. It was an industrial breathing set and not suitable for diving. It was made from 1914...

at Appendix:Proto-Northern Adelbert reconstructions Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Croisilles. TransNewGuinea.org. Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Mabuso. TransNewGuinea...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Early Earth, also known as Proto-Earth, is loosely defined as Earth in the first one billion years — or gigayear (109 y or Ga) — of its geological history...

[moribund] ? Jeikó † Borôroan (3,000 speakers) Kamakã † Karirí † Purían † Proto-Macro-Jê is notable for having relatively few consonants and a large vocalic...

The Predynastic Zhou or Proto-Zhou (/dʒoʊ/; Chinese: 先周; pinyin: xiān zhōu) refers to the ancient Chinese state ruled by the Ji clan that existed in the...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

all newly forming stars in the universe, some of which yield planets. The proto-Earth grew by accretion until its interior was hot enough to melt the heavy...

Leiden, 1952. Don Ringe. A history of English, vol. 1: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd edn. NY/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017 (1st...

someone: causee] [by someone: causer]". Below are some Proto-Songhay reconstructions: Some Proto-Eastern Songhay reconstructions are: Comparison of numerals...

languages is Proto-Germanic. The eldest of the attested Germanic languages is Gothic, which preserves many of the archaic features of Proto-Germanic that...

Proto-Min (pMǐn) is a comparative reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Min group of Chinese languages. Min varieties developed in the relative...

wilþī- (Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz-) "wild", and ebur (Proto-Germanic *eburaz) "boar". Another suggestion is that it derives from German willo (Proto-Germanic...

retained from Katharevousa. The Proto-Greek language was the most recent common ancestor of all Greek dialects. Proto-Greek split off from its nearest...

strong evidence for this classification. Modern Vietnamese has lost many Proto-Austroasiatic phonological and morphological features. Vietnamese also has...

reconstructions of the Eskaleut, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Nivkh, and Wakashan proto-languages. As a young teenager, Fortescue and his family moved to California...

language families, with Proto-Pontic being its reconstructed proto-language. The internal reconstruction of the Indo-European proto-language done by Émile...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

raised interest in the role of the society's women, as well as suspected proto-writing. Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups...

Proto (stylized in all caps) is the third studio album by American electronic musician Holly Herndon. It was released on May 10, 2019, via 4AD. It includes...

belonged in the area between these rivers. The ancestral language, Proto-Juu or Proto-ǃXuun, had five places of click articulation: dental, alveolar, palatal...

Proto-Mixe–Zoquean or Proto-Mixe–Zoque is a language that language scholars and Mesoamerican historians believe was spoken on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec...

Proto-Micronesian (abbreviated as PMc) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Micronesian languages. It belongs to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian...

Some scholars assume the development of primitive language-like systems (proto-language) as early as Homo habilis, while others place the development of...

Parawen, Ukuriguma For a list of Proto-Numugen reconstructions, see Pick (2020). Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology...

which Blench argues is genetic, though the absence of reliable proto-Sarahan and proto-Songhay reconstructions makes evaluation difficult. Blench (2026)...

reconstructed lexical items, see List of Proto-Mande reconstructions. List of Proto-Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary) List of Proto-West Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary)...

compared with Mon coiŋ, proto-Tai *jaŋC and Burmese chaŋ. *ke (雞 jī) 'chicken' versus proto-Tai *kəiB, proto-Hmong–Mien *kai and proto-Viet–Muong *r-ka. In...

black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT). Starostin, Sergei A. 1994–2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (online...

reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005). proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions (Foley 2005) Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay...

Europe. The Corded Ware culture was once presumed to be the Urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans based on their possession of the horse and wheeled vehicles...

[8] [9] Proto-Polynesian [10] Proto-Kra–Dai Proto-Kra [11] Proto-Kam–Sui [12] Proto-Hlai [13] Proto-Tai [14] Proto-Austroasiatic [15][16] Proto-Palaungic...

 'Original home') of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages. A proto-language is the reconstructed...

To Proto Vima (The First Step) is the debut album by Greek singer Apostolia Zoi, released in June 2003 by Minos EMI. The songs "Mi M'Akoubas" and "Skedon...

the German linguist Otto Dempwolff. It included a reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian lexicon. The term Austronesian was coined (as German austronesisch)...

hypothetical Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage would need to date to the 3rd millennium BC and would be only barely different from either late Proto-Indo-European...

of reconstructible Proto-Yuman terms for aquatic phenomena as evidence against a coastal, lacustrine, or riverine Urheimat. Proto-Yuman reconstructions...

The Proto-Khmeric language is the reconstructed proto-language of the Khmeric languages. It has been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015), whose reconstruction...

Background information Origin Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Genres Punk rock proto-punk garage rock funk (early) Years active 1971 (1971)–1977 2009–present...

contrast are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew (1989): *a, *e, *i, *o *ã, *ẽ, *ĩ, *õ Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Pamean by Bartholomew...

Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. PhD dissertation, available from UMI and SEAlang.net on http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/ "ABVD: Proto-Southwestern...

reconstructs the following proto-forms for Proto-Omotic and Proto-North Omotic, the latter which is considered to have descended from Proto-Omotic. Sample basic...

Schleicher’s fable is a text composed as a reconstructed version of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), published by August Schleicher in 1868. Schleicher...

Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014). Gravina (2014) classifies...

diphthongs is a Proto-Slavic sound change in which diphthongs turn into vowels. It is one of the key events in the chronology of the Proto-Slavic language...

Proto-Karelian, also known as Old Karelian, was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the...

generations. The Z was introduced as a concept car in September 2020 as the Z Proto concept, and was announced as a production car form in August 2021. It featured...

hypothesized to descend from an intermediate common ancestor proto-language, referred to as Proto-Eastern Algonquian (PEA). By virtue of their common ancestry...

wisdom. The name Minerva stems from Proto-Italic *meneswo ("intelligent, understanding"), and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *menos ("thought")...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

modern Quileute. The Proto-Chimakuan palato-alveolar fricative and affricates *š, *č, *č̓ developed as positional allophones of Pre-Proto-Chimakuan *xʷ, *kʷ...

Jê subgroups: Proto-Southern Jê *a < Proto-Jê *ô Proto-Cerrado *wa < Proto-Jê *ô Proto-Goyaz Jê: *am, *um, *ɨm > *ãm, *ũm, *ɨ̃m Proto-Northern Jê: replacement...

not compare isolated lexical items but reconstructed proto-languages. To include a word for a proto-language it must be found in a number of languages and...

(2015). The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'. The 17 Anim languages belong to the following...

a process only partly seen in Latin, and only very rarely in Oscan. So Proto-Italic *ai and *ei become Umbrian low ē: kvestur : Oscan kvaísstur, Latin...

Orogen developed along Gondwana's western, southern, and eastern margins. Proto-Gondwanan Cambrian arc belts from this margin have been found in eastern...

*ga-ga, *ya-ga. The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Awyu-Dumut, Proto-Awyu, and Proto-Dumut by Voorhoeve are from Healey (1970) and Voorhoeve...

for "sugarcane" in Proto-Austronesian is *CəbuS or *təbuS, which became Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təbuh, Proto-Oceanic *topu, and Proto-Polynesian *to. Modern...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

now evaluated as representing Arikapú. Proto-Jabutí reconstructions by van der Voort (2007): For a list of Proto-Jabutí reconstructions by Nikulin (2020)...

is built 3300–3000 BC: Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians in the prehistoric period; Proto-Dacian or proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture...

and plant names in Proto-Monic, Proto-Nyah Kur, and Proto-Mon (Diffloth 1984): Selected Monic lexical innovations: List of Proto-Monic reconstructions...

Proto-Inuit is the reconstructed proto-language of the Inuit languages, probably spoken about 1000 years BP by the Neo-Eskimo Thule people. It evolved...

1080/09544169508717790. (Re: proto-Volta-Conga) Stewart, John M. (2002). "The potential of Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu as a pilot Proto-Niger-Congo, and the reconstructions...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

Proto-Georgian–Zan (also referred to as Proto-Karto-Zan) is a reconstructed language which is the common ancestor of Karto-Zan languages. It is hypothesized...

language of Hispaniola has its closest relatives in the Tolan languages. Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980), along with daughter...

Proto–Admiralty Islands (also known as Proto-Admiralty or Proto-Admiralties and abbreviated as PAdm) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Admiralty Islands...

dissimilated. Compare: Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂bṭ > Akkadian ṣabātu "to seize" Proto-Semitic *ḳṭn > Akkadian ḳatānu "to be thin" Proto-Semitic *ḳṣr > Akkadian...

consequences. Each historical invention of writing emerged from systems of proto-writing that used ideographic and mnemonic symbols but were not capable...

dialect continuum, Proto-Armenian has been situated between Proto-Greek, traditionally classified as a centum language, and Proto-Indo-Iranian, traditionally...

created the first European culture of modern humans, the Aurignacian. The Proto-Aurignacian and the Early Aurignacian stages are dated between about 43...

Markham family South Huon Gulf linkage Numbami Proto-Huon Gulf was reconstructed by Malcolm Ross in 1988 in Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of...

Proto-Karenic or Proto-Karen is the reconstructed ancestor of the Karenic languages. The foundation of the reconstruction of Proto-Karen was laid by André-Georges...

(1981), Moroder's "From Here to Eternity" (1977), and Manuel Göttsching's "proto-techno masterpiece" E2-E4 (1981). The Eurodisco song I Feel Love, produced...

also known as the Byblos syllabary, Pseudo-hieroglyphic script, Proto-Byblian, Proto-Byblic, or Byblic, is an undeciphered writing system, known from...

be reconstructed for Proto-Subanen: According to Jason Lobel (2013:304-305), the innovations defining Proto-Subanen from Proto-Greater Central Philippine...

refers to the reconstructed common ancestor of Proto-Basque and the other Aquitanian dialects as 'Proto-Basque-Aquitanian'. Drawing on linguistic evidence...

seem to have cognates in other Indo-European languages, it claims that Proto-Germanic may have been either a creole or a contact language that subsumed...

the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano. Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984). The exact phonetic...

The Proto-Cathedral of St. Mary or Proto-Cathedral of St. Mary Byzantine Catholic Church is a parish church and proto-cathedral of the Byzantine Catholic...

the Tagalog goddess of dawn; a daughter of Bathala Proto-Indo-European – Hausos (reconstructed proto-goddess) Albanian – Afërdita (lit. 'near the day')...

Dheghom (Proto-Indo-European: *dʰéǵʰōm or *dʰǵʰōm; lit. 'earth'), or *Pl̥th₂éwih₂ (*pl̥th₂éwih₂, lit. 'the Broad One'), is the reconstructed name of the...

of basic vocabulary in five Muskogean languages from Broadwell (1992): Proto-Muskogean is reconstructed as having the consonants (given in IPA transcription):...

Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical...

functions in a second location due to the expanse of the diocesan territory. A proto-cathedral (lit. 'first cathedral') is the former cathedral of a transferred...

century, that the book comprises three separate collections of oracles: Proto-Isaiah (chapters 1–39), containing the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet...

(*Aryāna) and Iran (*Aryānām). Although the stem *arya may originate from the Proto-Indo-European language, it seems to have been used with an ethnic sense...

chiefly with establishing language families and reconstructing unrecorded proto-languages, using the comparative method and internal reconstruction. The...

sonic DNA" than David Bowie, regarding the 1974 track "Third Uncle" as a "proto-goth" song. Not long after, the "gothic" label "became a critical term of...

comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997). David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary...

*H₁n̥gʷnis is the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the fire god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. The archaic Proto-Indo-European language (ca. 4500–4000...

Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by Doris Bartholomew, Proto-Zapotecan by Morris Swadesh, and Proto-Chiapanec–Mangue by Fernández...

origin, primarily French, Latin and Greek; these languages preserve the Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start...

Duridanov's explanation is that proto-Dacian and proto-Thracian speakers were in close geographical proximity with proto-Baltic speakers for a prolonged...

stages: Proto-Anatolian (diverged around the 31st century BC) Proto-Luwo-Lydian Proto-Luwo-Palaic Proto-Luwic (c. 21st–20th century BC) Proto-Luwian (c...

Christianization between the 8th and 13th centuries. Rooted in broader Proto-Indo-European religion, the historical Slavic faith was polytheistic and...

innovations listed by Himes (2005). Proto-Central Cordilleran has been reconstructed by Reid (1974; 2006). Proto-Central Cordilleran can be reconstructed...

Proto-Totonacan or Proto-Totonac-Tepehua (abbreviated PTn or PTT) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Totonacan languages of Mexico. It was first...

from 1988 SIL field notes), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. Proto-Kwalean reconstructions are from Ross (2014). Note that the words cited...

The protos (Greek: πρώτος, "first, premier") is a monastic office at the Orthodox monastic community of Mount Athos in Greece. The office headquarters...

instead of runes. Sowilo (*sōwilō), meaning "sun", is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic language name of the s-rune (ᛊ, ᛋ). The letter is a direct adoption...

law is a controversial Proto-Germanic sound law formulated by Friedrich Kluge. It purports to explain the origin of the Proto-Germanic long consonants...

structure schemas (called messages) and services are described in a proto definition file (.proto) and compiled with protoc. This compilation generates code that...

distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense. Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978). The comparison...

Proto-Palaungic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Palaungic languages of mainland Southeast Asia. Paul Sidwell (2015) suggests that the Urheimat...

systematically strung together to form words. Proposed homelands of the Proto-Uralic language include: Zeng et al. (2025) identifies a connection between...

Although Proto-Germanic is reconstructed without dialects via the comparative method, it is almost certain that it never was a uniform proto-language...

The monogenesis hypothesis posits that a single language, commonly called proto–Pidgin English, spoken along the West African coast in the early sixteenth...

A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. It is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution...

small impact on the vocabulary of the Finnic languages. As examples, the Proto-Finnic words *saari 'island', *neemi 'cape', *jänes 'hare' and *ilbes 'lynx'...

within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian was situated between Proto-Greek (centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian (satem subgroup). This has...

The Norma M20-FC, now known as the Nova Proto NP01, is a sports prototype race car, designed, developed and produced by French constructor Norma, and...

Andrew Toth (English, Ocean dub) Proto (プロト, Puroto) is one of Public Security Section 9's new recruits in 2nd GIG. Proto is Section 9's only (prototype)...

widely in the 2nd century AD. One stream of Gentile Christianity (so-called "proto-Orthodox Christianity") that emerged in this period in the persons and theological...

by some historians to be a "proto-gun" because its projectiles did not occlude the barrel. There was also another "proto-gun" called the eruptor, according...

Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family. Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot") Loss of initial *h, see above...

It is often assumed that the Hurro-Urartian languages, or a pre-split Proto-Hurro-Urartian language, were originally spoken by people of the Kura-Araxes...

which also uses "birch" for B (Old Irish: Beith). In Proto-Germanic, including descendants such as Proto-Norse and thereof, the rune could beyond voiced bilabial...

inspired scholars such as Friedrich Schlegel, to assume that the locus of the proto-Indo-European homeland had been in India, with the other dialects spread...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

feature in the Ndu languages is the replacement of the proto-Sepik pronoun *wun ‘I’ with proto-Ndu *an ~ *na. Ambulas is the most populous language, with...

"Utopian socialism" is the term often used to describe the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri...

linguists generally associate the first peoples clearly identifiable as proto-Italic with the Bell Beaker and Urnfield groups, who during the Bronze Age...

vocabulary words of Proto-Koiarian and other lower-level reconstructions are from the Trans-New Guinea database: Koiarian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea...

2500 BCE) [Pre-Germanic] Proto-Germanic c. 500 BCE Pre-Balto-Slavic Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 BCE) Anthony proposes that Proto-Indo-European emerged after...

arrival of Indo-European languages Pre-Proto-Indo-European, theoretical reconstruction of language earlier than the Proto-Indo-European language Old Europe...

dictionary that would include Proto-Siouan reconstructions. This work yielded a different analysis of the phonemic system of Proto-Siouan, which appears below:...

Proto-Torres–Banks (PTB) is the reconstructed ancestor of the seventeen languages of the Torres and Banks Islands of Vanuatu. Like all indigenous languages...

Mem via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing...

represented in Proto-Afroasiatic, or whether one or the other of them was the original form of the Afroasiatic verb. According to one study of the Proto-Semitic...

Proto-Loloish is the reconstructed ancestor of the Loloish languages. Reconstructions include those of David Bradley (1979), James Matisoff (2003), and...

has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Lule-Vilela reconstructions For reconstructions of Proto-Lule-Vilela by Viegas Barros (2006), see the...

reconstructed Proto-Indo-European mythology. The comparative analysis of different Indo-European tales has led scholars to reconstruct an original Proto-Indo-European...

respective meanings. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015). Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels...

ProtoStar Ltd was a private company incorporated in Bermuda, with U.S. operations based in San Francisco, California and Asian operations based in Singapore...

was becoming widespread. More recently, the concept of a very early 'Pre-Proto-Hassuna' pottery tradition has been introduced by some scholars. This has...

following classification of the Katuic languages. Proto-Katuic Proto-West Katuic Kuay languages Bru languages Proto-Pacoh-Ta'oi Ta'oi languages Pacoh languages...

reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma: pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-) pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang...

reconstructed for the proto-language are, Proto–Lower Sepik (Ross) Proto-Nor–Pondo (Foley) A phonological reconstruction of proto-Lower Sepik has been...

A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers, including all species of birds. In recent decades, evidence has accumulated that many...

The Mesogeia Painter, also Mesogaia Painter, was an Early Proto-Attic vase painter. His conventional name is derived from his name vases, several hydriai...

Proto-Aslian is the reconstructed proto-language of the Aslian languages of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. It has been reconstructed by Timothy...

items in proto-languages reconstructed for Paleo-Siberian languages and language families. Proto-Eskimo, Proto-Uralic, Proto-Ainu, Ainu, Proto-Korean and...

languages are closest to Western Indo-European languages such as proto-Germanic or proto-Italic, and being devoid of satemization predate the evolution...

1970): Abbreviations pAD = proto-Awyu–Dumut pA = proto-Awyu pD = proto-Dumut pKE = proto-Kamula–Elevala pK = proto-Kamula pE = proto-Elevala Suter, Edgar;...

Toŋan Toda Truwan Inago The Proto-Atayalic language was reconstructed by Taiwanese linguist Paul Jen-kuei Li in 1981. Proto-Atayalic had final voiced stops...

 'father daylight'), is the reconstructed name of the daylight-sky god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. *Dyēus was conceived as a divine personification...

Bunut National Park Long Patan Long Palo (Tutoh) Long Kuk Proto-Berawan is the reconstructed proto-language of all Berawan language varieties. Its phonology...

descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman Jupiter, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's...

שִׁבֹּ֤לֶת's Proto-Semitic ancestor had initial consonant š (whence Hebrew /ʃ/), contradicting this theory; for example, שִׁבֹּ֤לֶת's proto-Semitic ancestor...

Niyahlosu; Siwaisu Sarare Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978): Costa, Januacele Francisca da; W. Leo M. Wetzels. 2008. Proto-Nambikwara Sound Structure...

these early burial mounds with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the prehistoric people thought to have spoken the ancestral Proto-Indo-European language. Over the...

from Middle English gon, goon, from Old English gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ǵʰēh₁- 'to go, leave'. Cognates in the...

50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a proto-Graeco-Phrygian stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if...

period. The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology and stemming from Proto-Germanic folklore, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities...

Proto–South Dravidian is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the southern Dravidian languages native to southern India. Its descendants...

Proto-Tibeto-Burman (commonly abbreviated PTB) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Tibeto-Burman languages, that is, the Sino-Tibetan languages, except...

Pangasinan Nuclear Southern Cordilleran Ibaloi (including Iwak) Karao Kalanguya Proto-Southern Cordilleran has been reconstructed by Himes (1998). The comparison...

worked out by Tom Güldemann, Edward Elderkin, and Anne-Maria Fehn. The Proto-Khoe-Kwadi homeland was likely in the middle Zambezi Valley, 2,000–3000...

merger of Proto-Huon Gulf *t, *r, and *R as Proto-Markham *r, the accretion of *ka- into focal pronoun bases (Proto-Oceanic *kamu "you" > Proto-Markham...

A protomartyr (Koine Greek, πρῶτος prôtos 'first' + μάρτυς mártus 'martyr') is the first Christian martyr in a country or among a particular group, such...

The word "protoscience" is a hybrid Greek-Latin compound of the roots proto- + scientia, meaning a first or primeval rational knowledge. Examples of...

different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan. Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970): Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler...

on literary Lithuanian language. The Balts are descended from a group of Proto-Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower Vistula and...

hundreds of names and titles. Several of these stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic theonym Wōðanaz, meaning "lord of frenzy" or "leader of the possessed"...

However, when proto-Nimboran pronouns are reconstructed (*genam "I" and kom or komot "thou"), they have little resemblance to the proto-TNG pronouns *na...

reflect substratal influence from pre-proto-Yokuts or from an extinct Yok-Utian language." Golla suggests that a "pre-proto-Yokuts" homeland was in the Great...

number of related languages called Mazatec Fernández (1951) reconstructed Proto-Popolocan utilizing data from Chocho, Popoloca, Ixcatec, and Mazatec (Huautla...

exclude the possibility of Proto-Albanian presence in both Illyrian and Thracian territory. The period during which Proto-Albanian and Latin interacted...

Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3350 – c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. 4000 – c. 2500 BC. The term "Sumer" (Akkadian: 𒋗𒈨𒊒, romanized: šumeru)...

whether the shared features of North Sea Germanic are inherited from a common proto-language or formed through later contact and influence. Additionally, the...

three broad positions: Gradation is common inheritance (from either Proto-Uralic or Proto-Finno-Samic). Gradation is an areal phenomenon that has developed...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

his other Kansas II cohorts in Proto-Kaw. Currently, Meredith records with Proto Kaw, the reformed version of Kansas. Proto Kaw re-grouped after the original...

genetic descent. If more than one language has developed from the same proto-language, or 'mother language', those languages are said to be sister languages...

2017 24H Proto Series Previous none Next 2018 The 2017 24H Proto Series was the first season of the 24H Proto Series, presented by Creventic. The races...

The Männerbund (German: 'alliance of men') refers to the theoretical Proto-Indo-European brotherhood of warriors in which unmarried young males served...

Guahuara / Curuapa - spoken on the Curua River, now perhaps extinct. Some Proto-Mundurukú reconstructions by Picanço (2005) are as follows. Loukotka, Čestmír...

characteristic wedge shape of the strokes. Most Proto-Cuneiform records from this period were of an accounting nature. The proto-cuneiform sign list has grown, as new...

century, had possibly conserved the greatest number of properties from Proto-Baltic. Although related, Lithuanian, Latvian, and particularly Old Prussian...

Proto is the second solo studio album by Irish musician Leo O'Kelly. It was originally planned for November 2002 but was released on 4 February 2003 by...

Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River. Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994): In all Tuparian...

Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm...

linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in the Altai-Sayan region, Mongolia or Tuva. Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers...

assimilated into Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto-Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans, and by the Goths. Other Sarmatians...

once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested) Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):...

Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians in the prehistoric period depends on the remains of material culture. It is generally proposed that a proto-Dacian...

in which proto-TNG second-person pronouns correspond to proto-TAP third-person pronouns.[citation needed] Usher however establishes that proto–West Bomberai...

Luis Proto Barbosa (11 January 1927 – 6 October 2011), also known as Poto Barboz, was an Indian politician and physician who served as the third Chief...

over a quarter million speakers. Although little Kwadi data is available, proto-Khoe–Kwadi reconstructions have been made for pronouns and some basic vocabulary...

vocalist and visual artist, primarily known for his work with the electronic proto-punk duo Suicide. Alan Bermowitz was raised in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. Until...

analysis, Georgi Klimov dates the split of the Proto-Kartvelian into Svan and Proto-Georgian-Zan (Proto-Karto-Zan) to the 19th century BC, and the further...

System which, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, collided with the proto-Earth around 4.50 billion years ago, with some of the resulting ejected...

the original Indo-Uralic speakers lived north of the Caspian Sea, and the Proto-Indo-European speakers began as a group that branched off westward from...

called the Kish tablet. The signs on the Kish tablet, possibly related to proto-cuneiform, are purely pictographic, and have not been deciphered or demonstrated...

†Coast Miwok (Bodega and Marin dialects) †Lake Miwok Reconstructions of Proto-Miwok plant and animal names by Callaghan (2014): Laurie Bauer, 2007, The...

determine whether the marks represent a true writing system, a form of proto-writing, or a set of non-linguistic symbols; modern artistic traditions...

indiscernible ordinals in the club proto-Silver. If μ0 is the least proto-Silver ordinal and μn+1 is the μn-th proto-Silver ordinal, then the least Silver...

humanus, an adjective formed on the root of homo, thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European word for "earth" reconstructed as *dʰǵʰem-. In 1959, Carl...

Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Early forms Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Subdivisions Italo-Dalmatian Western Romance Venetian (Franco-Italian)...

many Apatani words are closer to reconstructions of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003) than to Proto-Tani (Sun 1993). Possible explanations include Apatani...

languages based on shared sound changes (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows. Kuki-Chin Central: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-...

and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986, it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and...

romanized as Hausos, is the reconstructed name of the dawn goddess in Proto-Indo-European mythology. Her attributes were subsequently expanded and adopted...

South-Central Khangoi Brown's 'Northern Tangkhul' Proto-Tangkhulic, the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Tangkhulic languages, has been reconstructed...

for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes. Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana...

powerful mech called Proto Omega, destroying Miltia in the process. He is then killed by the Testaments, who give Albedo control of Proto Omega, forcing Jr...

to a greater number of different phonemes in the spoken language, when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. Also, the writing custom avoided carving the...

Western Romance Early forms Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Proto-Italo-Western Romance Proto-Western Romance Subdivisions Ibero-Romance Gallo-Romance...

poems. It stems from Proto-Germanic *fergunja, meaning 'mountain', perhaps 'mountainous forest', which may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European *per-kwun-iyā...

Proto-Kam–Sui (typically abbreviated as PKS) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages. A preliminary reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui has...

characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper...

consonants. However, final consonants must be reconstructed for Proto-Bungku–Tolaki. Proto-Bungku–Tolaki has been reconstructed by Mead (1998). Mori language...

cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe. Marija Gimbutas was born as...

have been marginal in the proto-language. Below are Proto-Chibchan consonants as described by Pache (2018). Notably, the proto-language lacked separate...

later post-runic changes and trademarks of EON had yet to happen. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was...

Kalasha. Nuristani languages are Indo-European, ultimately descending from Proto-Indo-European. The prehistory of Nuristani is unclear, except that it apparently...

reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history. The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan is...

Proto-Algonquian is one of the best-reconstructed proto-languages of the Americas. As it broke up, its daughters, such as Cree, Menominee, Ojibwe and...

BBC's Survivors, and Shameless. He is also known for his role as rockstar Proto Zoa in the Disney Channel Original Movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century...

The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of extracellular...

arrival of Indo-European languages in Europe. Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. Carlo De...

read today. Proto-Greek long ā → Attic long ē, but ā after e, i, r. ⁓ Ionic ē in all positions. ⁓ Doric and Aeolic ā in all positions. Proto-Greek and Doric...

British archaeologist Colin Renfrew in 1987, proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia. It is the main competitor...

Phonological innovations from Common Serbi–Mongolic (i.e., Proto-Serbi–Mongolic) to Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Serbi are (Shimunek 2017:415): Xianbei also known...

as ˣ/nj/, ˣ/cj/ or ˣ/pɾj/ are not permitted; */tj/ is reconstructed for Proto-Northern Jê but is not preserved in any contemporary language), and /w/...

The SET 2 or Proto-SET 2 was a 1920s Romanian prototype reconnaissance and day-bomber aircraft. The SET 2, Lieutenant-Colonel Stefan Protopopescu's design...

successive slabs of subducting oceanic lithosphere became lodged beneath a proto-craton, underplating the craton with chemically depleted rock. A fourth...

or demigods, who serve as rescuers and healers in Proto-Indo-European mythology. Like other Proto-Indo-European divinities, the Divine Twins are not...

that contacts of Proto-Slavs with the Veneti may have been one of the sources for these borrowings. The aforementioned area of proto-Slavic hydronyms...

preserved the complete Proto-Semitic three grammatical cases and declension (ʾiʿrāb), and it was used in the reconstruction of Proto-Semitic since it preserves...

anyone." The precursors to the character would become known as "proto-Jokers". The first proto-Joker is a character named Jerome Valeska. While Jerome was...