Xianyang

Xianyang
Xianyang
	"Xianyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese	咸阳
Traditional Chinese	咸陽
Postal	Sienyang
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Xiányáng
Wade–Giles	Hsien2-yang2
IPA	[ɕjɛ̌n.jǎŋ]

Xianyang

咸阳市
Xianyang 咸阳市
Prefecture-level city
	Maoling Mausoleum Qianling Mausoleum Chenghuang Temple Iharbour Campus of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xianyang Museum Fenghuangtai
	Location of Xianyang Prefecture within Shaanxi
	Coordinates (Xianyang municipal government): 34°19′48″N 108°42′32″E / 34.3299°N 108.7088°E
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Shaanxi
Municipal seat	Qindu District
Area
• Prefecture-level city	10,213 km2 (3,943 sq mi)
• Urban	523 km2 (202 sq mi)
Population (2010)
• Prefecture-level city	5,096,001
• Density	500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
• Urban	945,420
• Urban density	1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi)
• Metro	Xian
GDP
• Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 215 billion; US$ 34.6 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 43,365; US$6,963
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 code	CN-SN-04
Website	www.xianyang.gov.cn

Xianyang (Chinese: 咸阳; pinyin: Xiányáng) is a prefecture-level city in central Shaanxi province, situated on the Wei River a few kilometers upstream (west) from the provincial capital of Xi'an. Once the capital of the Qin dynasty, it is now integrated into the Xi'an metropolitan area, one of the main urban agglomerations in northwestern China, with more than 7.17 million inhabitants. Its built-up area, consisting of 2 urban districts (Qindu and Weicheng), had 945,420 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It has a total area of 10,213 square kilometers (3,943 sq mi).

Xianyang is the seat of the Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, the main airport serving Xi'an and the largest airport in Northwest China, and one of the 40 busiest airports in the world.^[2]^[3]

Xianyang is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.^[4] It is home to the main campus of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), one of the world's top universities in agriculture science related fields,^[5]^[6] and a member of "Project 985" club which is an organization of 39 reputable universities in China.

History

Xianyang was among the capital city's environs during the Western Zhou dynasty, and was made the capital of the state of Qin in 350 BC during the Warring States period before becoming the capital of China during the short-lived Qin dynasty.^[7] Because the city lay south of the Jiuzong Mountains and north of the Wei River – both sunlight-rich (yang) orientations – it was named "Xianyang", meaning "fully yang".^[7]

Under Duke Xiao of Qin's reign, minister Shang Yang designed Xianyang and in 350 BC organized the relocation of Qin's administration from the old capital Yueyang to the new city, which was then the capital for over 140 years. It was located in the modern day Shaanxi province on the northern bank of the Wei River, on the opposite side of which Liu Bang would later build the Han dynasty capital of Chang'an once he became emperor.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang eliminated all six other warring states to establish the first centralized empire in Chinese history. Xianyang became the center of politics, economy and culture of the Qin empire. Noble families were compelled to move into Xianyang, and the realm's weapons were gathered in the city to be melted and cast into twelve towering statues. The Emperor had a lavish mausoleum built near the capital, complete with his Terracotta Army. This and other large undertakings diverted enormous levels of manpower and resources away from agriculture. Coupled with the state's repressive measures on the population, these factors eventually led to the fall of the Qin dynasty and with it the original city of Xianyang.^[8]

Qin Shi Huang expanded Xianyang beyond the walls. Then he built replicas of the palaces of all the conquered states along the Wei River. In 220 BC, he built Xin Palace (新城; Xīnchéng) and later renamed it Wei Palace (渭城; Wèichéng), named after the Wei River. He continued with the theme of earth as the mirror of heaven building a network of 300 palaces in the Wei valley connected by elevated roads. In 212 BC, he built the Epang Palace (阿房宮; Ēpánggōng).

Shortly after the First Emperor's death in 210 BC revolts erupted. At the beginning of December 207 BC, the last Qin emperor Ziying surrendered to rebel leader Liu Bang, who entered Xianyang peacefully without harming the locals. However, Liu Bang was forced to hand the city over to another more ruthless rebel leader, Xiang Yu, whose army greatly outnumbered Liu Bang's. Xiang Yu then killed Ziying and burned Xianyang in 206 BC,^[9] destroying the sole surviving copies of several banned books that were kept in the royal library.^[10]

In 202 BC, after defeating Xiang Yu in Battle of Gaixia and ending the Chu-Han contention, Liu Bang was crowned the emperor of the newly established Han dynasty, and he built a new capital across the Wei River merely miles from the ruins of old Xianyang and named this new city Chang'an. The Han-era town of Anling (安陵, tomb of emperor Hui) was located nearby and houses some of the Han dynasty's mausoleums.

Archeology

From the end of the 1950s until the middle of the 1990s, archeologists discovered and excavated numerous Qin era sites in Xianyang, including palaces, workshops and tombs.

Administrative divisions

Map
Qindu Yangling Weicheng Sanyuan County Jingyang County Qian County Liquan County Yongshou County Changwu County Xunyi County Chunhua County Wugong County Xingping (city) Binzhou (city)
Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2004 est.)	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
Weicheng District	渭城区	Wèichéng Qū	400,000	272	1,471
Yangling District	杨陵区	Yánglíng Qū	140,000	94	1,489
Qindu District	秦都区	Qíndū Qū	450,000	251	1,793
Xingping city	兴平市	Xīngpíng Shì	560,000	496	1,129
Binzhou city	彬州市	Bīnzhōu Shì	330,000	1,202	275
Sanyuan County	三原县	Sānyuán Xiàn	400,000	569	703
Jingyang County	泾阳县	Jīngyáng Xiàn	500,000	792	631
Qian County	乾县	Qián Xiàn	560,000	994	563
Liquan County	礼泉县	Lǐquán Xiàn	460,000	1,017	452
Yongshou County	永寿县	Yǒngshòu Xiàn	190,000	869	219
Changwu County	长武县	Chángwǔ Xiàn	170,000	583	292
Xunyi County	旬邑县	Xúnyì Xiàn	270,000	1,697	159
Chunhua County	淳化县	Chúnhuà Xiàn	200,000	965	207
Wugong County	武功县	Wǔgōng Xiàn	410,000	392	1,046

Chinese Bureau of Statistics lists the urban population of the city at 316,641 (1990 Census), rising to 814,625 (2000 Census), and 835,648 in 2010 Census.^[11]

Climate

Climate data for Xianyang (Qindu District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	23.0 (73.4)	30.6 (87.1)	34.6 (94.3)	37.8 (100.0)	41.7 (107.1)	39.6 (103.3)	39.2 (102.6)	36.8 (98.2)	31.1 (88.0)	24.4 (75.9)	22.4 (72.3)	41.7 (107.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	4.7 (40.5)	9.1 (48.4)	15.1 (59.2)	21.5 (70.7)	26.4 (79.5)	31.5 (88.7)	32.5 (90.5)	30.2 (86.4)	25.1 (77.2)	19.1 (66.4)	12.3 (54.1)	6.3 (43.3)	19.5 (67.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−0.9 (30.4)	2.6 (36.7)	7.7 (45.9)	14.1 (57.4)	19.3 (66.7)	24.5 (76.1)	26.3 (79.3)	24.4 (75.9)	19.6 (67.3)	13.3 (55.9)	6.0 (42.8)	0.5 (32.9)	13.1 (55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−5.1 (22.8)	−1.6 (29.1)	3.4 (38.1)	8.6 (47.5)	13.4 (56.1)	18.8 (65.8)	22.1 (71.8)	20.9 (69.6)	15.9 (60.6)	9.2 (48.6)	1.9 (35.4)	−3.7 (25.3)	8.7 (47.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−16.3 (2.7)	−12.4 (9.7)	−8.5 (16.7)	−2.1 (28.2)	2.4 (36.3)	8.7 (47.7)	14.7 (58.5)	12.0 (53.6)	5.0 (41.0)	−4.4 (24.1)	−12.3 (9.9)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−18.6 (−1.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	6.2 (0.24)	8.8 (0.35)	22.1 (0.87)	34.6 (1.36)	49.8 (1.96)	60.5 (2.38)	82.8 (3.26)	84.6 (3.33)	89.4 (3.52)	54 (2.1)	21.9 (0.86)	4.5 (0.18)	519.2 (20.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	3.5	3.9	5.9	7	8.8	8	9.7	9.4	11.4	9.6	5.7	2.8	85.7
Average snowy days	4.3	3.1	1.3	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.2	2.6	12.6
Average relative humidity (%)	64	63	62	66	65	61	69	75	78	78	74	66	68
Mean monthly sunshine hours	134.4	132	169.8	194.4	211.3	211	223.2	200.8	143.1	138	135.5	141	2,034.5
Percent possible sunshine	43	42	46	49	49	49	51	49	39	40	44	46	46
Source: China Meteorological Administration^[12]^[13]

Education

Xianyang is home to the main campus of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), one of the world's top universities in agriculture science related-fields,^[5]^[6] and a member of "Project 985" club which is an organization of 39 reputable universities in China.

National

Public

Transport

References

^ 陕西省统计局、国家统计局陕西调查总队 (August 2016). 《陕西统计年鉴－2016》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-7918-3. Archived from the original on 2017-05-29.
^ "2020 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. July 2021. p. 30. Retrieved 26 Sep 2021.
^ 2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report (PDF). United States: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2020.
^ "Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. News & World Report: Best Global Universities for Agricultural Sciences". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b "ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects: Agricultural Sciences". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ ^a ^b 中国古今地名大词典 (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. 2005. p. 2134. ISBN 978-753261743-2.
^ Meyer 1997, pp. 91–95.
^ Cotterell, page 29.
^ Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). Asia : a concise history. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 92. ISBN 0847680681. OCLC 33276519.
^ "China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 24 September 2023.

External links

Official website of Xianyang Government

Preceded by Luoyang	Capital of China 221 BC-206 BC	Succeeded by Chang'an

[1] 陕西省统计局、国家统计局陕西调查总队 (August 2016). 《陕西统计年鉴－2016》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-7918-3. Archived from the original on 2017-05-29.

[2] "2020 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. July 2021. p. 30. Retrieved 26 Sep 2021.

[3] 2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report (PDF). United States: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2020.

[4] "Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2020-11-26.

[:0-5] "U.S. News & World Report: Best Global Universities for Agricultural Sciences". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

[:1-6] "ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects: Agricultural Sciences". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[diming-7] 中国古今地名大词典 (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. 2005. p. 2134. ISBN 978-753261743-2.

[FOOTNOTEMeyer199791–95-8] Meyer 1997, pp. 91–95.

[9] Cotterell, page 29.

[10] Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). Asia : a concise history. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 92. ISBN 0847680681. OCLC 33276519.

[11] "China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

[cma_graphical-12] 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 24 September 2023.

[13] "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 24 September 2023.

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Xianyang

History

Archeology

Administrative divisions

Climate

Education

Transport

References

Further reading

External links

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