イットリウム・バリウム・銅酸化物は化学式YBa2Cu3O7−dで表されるが、超電導性を示すには d は0.7より小さくなければならない。その理由はわかっていないが、空孔が結晶中の特定の場所(平面状または鎖状の銅酸化物)にしか発生せず、銅固有の酸化数を上げることが知られていて、これが超電導性に関係しているのだろうとされている。
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