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台山话拼音方案

台山话拼音方案是部分台山话辞书(如《台山方音字典[1]和《台山音字典》[2])里使用的拼音方案,用于标注台山(台城)方言语音。

方案内容

台山话拼音方案使用了26个拉丁字母中的24个,字母r与w不用于方案[3]

声母

台城方言共有21个声母。

b [p] p [pʰ] m [m] f [f] v [v]
d [t] t [tʰ] n [n] lh [ɬ] l [l]
g [k] k [kʰ] ng [ŋ] h [h]
z [ʦ] c [ʦʰ] s [s]
j [ʦ(i-)] q [ʦʰ(i-)] x [s(i-)] y [j]
  • z,c,s与i相拼时,写作j,q,x。如ji知,qi持,xi诗。
  • lh是两个字母表示的声母,普通话、广州话和英语中均无此音。

韵母

台城方言共有43个韵母。

单韵母 复韵母 鼻尾韵 塞尾韵
a行 a
[a]

ai
[ai]

ao
[au]

am
[am]
an
[an]
ang
[aŋ]
ab
[ap̚]
ad
[at̚]
ag
[ak̚]
e行 e
[e]
ei
[ei]

eu
[eu]

em
[em]

en
[en]

eb
[ep̚]
ed
[et̚]

o行 o
[ɔ]

oi
[ɔi]
on
[ɔn]
ong
[ɔŋ]
od
[ɔt̚]
og
[ɔk̚]
i行 i
[i]

iu
[iu]

im
[im]

in
[in]
ib
[ip̚]

id
[it̚]

ie行 ie
[iɛ]
ieu
[iɛu]
iem
[iɛm]
ieng
[iɛŋ]
ieb
[iɛp̚]
ieg
[iɛk̚]

u行 u
[u]

ui
[ui]

uo
[uɔ]

un
[un]

ung
[uŋ]

ud
[ut]

ug
[uk̚]

鼻韵 m
[m̩]
ng
[ŋ̩]
  • 与声母y拼合的i行和ie行韵母,与零声母状态下的i行和ie行韵母存在对立。
  • o行韵母中的的oi on od,实际发音为uoi uon uod。
  • u行韵母中的ung ug,实际发音为oung oug。
  • 台城一部分人把韵母em归入韵母am。
  • 台城一部分人把韵母eb归入韵母ab。
  • 台城相当多的人把鼻韵母ng归入鼻韵母m,但是还有一些老城区的人的发音中仍然有韵母ng。

声调

台城方言有10个基本声调,但阴平与阴去的调值相混。本方案采用符号法标调,用' * - > `诸符标在音节之后表示声调。此外台城方言中还有变调的现象。

基本声调
调类 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
名称 阴平/去 阳平 阴上 阳上 阳去 中入 阴入 新入 阳入
调号 ' * - > ` ' - > `
调值 33 11 55 21 32 33 55 21 32
举例 衣/意
拼音 yi' yi* yi- yi> yi` bag' bag- bag> bag`
音标 ji˧˧ ji˩˩ ji˥˥ ji˨˩ ji˧˨ pak̚˧ pak̚˥ pak̚˨˩ pak̚˧˨

升变调是变调中最常见的,会产生4个新调值。新调值都是原调值的基础上末尾升到5度。

升变调
名称 阴平/去变调 阳平变调 阳上变调 阳去变调
调号 ' - * - > - ` -
调值 33→35 11→15 21→215 32→325
举例 阿意 阿愉 阿雨 阿裕
拼音 a' yi' - a' yi* - a' yi> - a' yi` -
音标 a˧˧ ji˧˥ a˧˧ ji˩˥ a˧˧ ji˨˩˥ a˧˧ ji˧˨˥
入声升变调
调号 ' - * - > - ` -
调值 33→35 11→15 21→215 32→325
举例 买鸭 白鹤 牙刷 假日
拼音 mai' ab' - bag` hog> - nga* cad> - ga- ngid` -
音标 mai˧ ap̚˧˥ pak̚˧˨ hok̚˨˩˥ ŋa˩˩ tsʰat̚˨˩˥ ka˥˥ ŋit̚˧˨˥

此外还有低降变调低降升变调

在口语中,某些词语会出现本调读如阳上的情况,而且调值可能在阳上的基础上进一步变为215。

低降变调和低降升变调
名称 低降变调 低降升变调
调号 > > -
调值 21 21→215
举例 日头 日头
拼音 ngid` heu> ngid` heu>-
音标 ŋit̚˧˨˥ heu˨˩ ŋit̚˧˨˥ heu˨˩˥

标音举例

汉字 台山话拼音
A: 你住乃间酒店啊? A: Nei' ji` nai> gan' diu- iem'- a'?
B: 我住假日(酒店名)。 B: Ngoi' jid` Ga- Ngid>-.
阿伯由北京返来同阿白做百岁大寿。 A' bag> yiu* Bag- Gen' fan' loi* hung* a' Bag` duo' bag' lhui' ai` xiu`.
龙床唔及狗窦。 Lung* cong* m* gieb` geu- eu>.
吃得咸鱼抵得渴。 Hieg' ag' ham* ngui> ai- ag' hod'.
好唔好,问过三个佬。 Hao- m* hao-, mun` guo' lham' goi' lao-.

参考文献

  1. ^ 邓均. 《台山方音字典》. 湖南教育出版社. 2006. ISBN 7-5355-4807-5. 
  2. ^ 赵恩普、黄尔周. 《台山音字典》. 中国县镇年鉴出版社. 2007. 
  3. ^ 谭洁莹.粤方言台山话语音特征的实验语音学研究[D].暨南大学

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