An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code that is used to identify human languages on the Internet.[1] The tag structure has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)[1] in Best Current Practice (BCP) 47;[1] the subtags are maintained by the IANA Language Subtag Registry.[2][3][4]
IETF language tags were first defined in RFC 1766, edited by Harald Tveit Alvestrand, published in March 1995. The tags used ISO 639 two-letter language codes and ISO 3166 two-letter country codes, and allowed registration of whole tags that included variant or script subtags of three to eight letters.
In January 2001, this was updated by RFC 3066, which added the use of ISO 639-2 three-letter codes, permitted subtags with digits, and adopted the concept of language ranges from HTTP/1.1 to help with matching of language tags.
The next revision of the specification came in September 2006 with the publication of RFC 4646 (the main part of the specification), edited by Addison Philips and Mark Davis and RFC 4647[9] (which deals with matching behaviour). RFC 4646 introduced a more structured format for language tags, added the use of ISO 15924 four-letter script codes and UN M.49 three-digit geographical region codes, and replaced the old registry of tags with a new registry of subtags. The small number of previously defined tags that did not conform to the new structure were grandfathered in order to maintain compatibility with RFC 3066.
The current version of the specification, RFC 5646,[10] was published in September 2009. The main purpose of this revision was to incorporate three-letter codes from ISO 639-3 and 639-5 into the Language Subtag Registry, in order to increase the interoperability between ISO 639 and BCP 47.[11]
Syntax of language tags
Each language tag is composed of one or more "subtags" separated by hyphens (-). Each subtag is composed of basic Latin letters or digits only.
With the exceptions of private-use language tags beginning with an x- prefix and grandfathered language tags (including those starting with an i- prefix and those previously registered in the old Language Tag Registry), subtags occur in the following order:
A single primary language subtag based on a two-letter language code from ISO 639-1 (2002) or a three-letter code from ISO 639-2 (1998), ISO 639-3 (2007) or ISO 639-5 (2008), or registered through the BCP 47 process and composed of five to eight letters;
Up to three optional extended language subtags composed of three letters each, separated by hyphens; (There is currently no extended language subtag registered in the Language Subtag Registry without an equivalent and preferred primary language subtag. This component of language tags is preserved for backwards compatibility and to allow for future parts of ISO 639.)
An optional script subtag, based on a four-letter script code from ISO 15924 (usually written in Title Case);
An optional region subtag based on a two-letter country code from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 (usually written in upper case), or a three-digit code from UN M.49 for geographical regions;
Optional variant subtags, separated by hyphens, each composed of five to eight letters, or of four characters starting with a digit; (Variant subtags are registered with IANA and not associated with any external standard.)
Optional extension subtags, separated by hyphens, each composed of a single character, with the exception of the letter x, and a hyphen followed by one or more subtags of two to eight characters each, separated by hyphens;
An optional private-use subtag, composed of the letter x and a hyphen followed by subtags of one to eight characters each, separated by hyphens.
Subtags are not case-sensitive, but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are UPPERCASE, script subtags are Title Case, and all other subtags are lowercase. This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards.
Optional script and region subtags are preferred to be omitted when they add no distinguishing information to a language tag. For example, es is preferred over es-Latn, as Spanish is fully expected to be written in the Latin script; ja is preferred over ja-JP, as Japanese as used in Japan does not differ markedly from Japanese as used elsewhere.
Not all linguistic regions can be represented with a valid region subtag: the subnational regional dialects of a primary language are registered as variant subtags. For example, the valencia variant subtag for the Valencian variant of the Catalan is registered in the Language Subtag Registry with the prefix ca. As this dialect is spoken almost exclusively in Spain, the region subtag ES can normally be omitted.
Furthermore, there are script tags that do not refer to traditional scripts such as Latin, or even scripts at all, and these usually begin with a Z. For example, Zsye refers to emojis, Zmth to mathematical notation, Zxxx to unwritten documents and Zyyy to undetermined scripts.
IETF language tags have been used as locale identifiers in many applications. It may be necessary for these applications to establish their own strategy for defining, encoding and matching locales if the strategy described in RFC 4647 is not adequate.
The use, interpretation and matching of IETF language tags is currently defined in RFC 5646 and RFC 4647. The Language Subtag Registry lists all currently valid public subtags. Private-use subtags are not included in the Registry as they are implementation-dependent and subject to private agreements between third parties using them. These private agreements are out of scope of BCP 47.
List of common primary language subtags
The following is a list of some of the more commonly used primary language subtags. The list represents only a small subset (less than 2 percent) of primary language subtags; for full information, the Language Subtag Registry should be consulted directly.
Although some types of subtags are derived from ISO or UN core standards, they do not follow these standards absolutely, as this could lead to the meaning of language tags changing over time. In particular, a subtag derived from a code assigned by ISO 639, ISO 15924, ISO 3166, or UN M49 remains a valid (though deprecated) subtag even if the code is withdrawn from the corresponding core standard. If the standard later assigns a new meaning to the withdrawn code, the corresponding subtag will still retain its old meaning.
This stability was introduced in RFC 4646.
ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-1
RFC 4646 defined the concept of an "extended language subtag" (sometimes referred to as extlang), although no such subtags were registered at that time.[13][failed verification][14][failed verification]
RFC 5645 and RFC 5646 added primary language subtags corresponding to ISO 639-3 codes for all languages that did not already exist in the Registry. In addition, codes for languages encompassed by certain macrolanguages were registered as extended language subtags. Sign languages were also registered as extlangs, with the prefix sgn. These languages may be represented either with the subtag for the encompassed language alone (cmn for Mandarin) or with a language-extlang combination (zh-cmn). The first option is preferred for most purposes. The second option is called "extlang form" and is new in RFC 5646.
Whole tags that were registered prior to RFC 4646 and are now classified as "grandfathered" or "redundant" (depending on whether they fit the new syntax) are deprecated in favor of the corresponding ISO 639-3–based language subtag, if one exists. To list a few examples, nan is preferred over zh-min-nan for Min Nan Chinese; hak is preferred over i-hak and zh-hakka for Hakka Chinese; and ase is preferred over sgn-US for American Sign Language.
Windows Vista and later versions of Microsoft Windows have RFC 4646 support.[15]
ISO 639-5 and ISO 639-1/2
ISO 639-5 defines language collections with alpha-3 codes in a different way than they were initially encoded in ISO 639-2 (including one code already present in ISO 639-1, Bihari coded inclusively as bh in ISO 639-1 and bih in ISO 639-2). Specifically, the language collections are now all defined in ISO 639-5 as inclusive, rather than some of them being defined exclusively. This means that language collections have a broader scope than before, in some cases where they could encompass languages that were already encoded separately within ISO 639-2.
For example, the ISO 639-2 code afa was previously associated with the name "Afro-Asiatic (Other)", excluding languages such as Arabic that already had their own code. In ISO 639-5, this collection is named "Afro-Asiatic languages" and includes all such languages. ISO 639-2 changed the exclusive names in 2009 to match the inclusive ISO 639-5 names.[16]
To avoid breaking implementations that may still depend on the older (exclusive) definition of these collections, ISO 639-5 defines a grouping type attribute for all collections that were already encoded in ISO 639-2 (such grouping type is not defined for the new collections added only in ISO 639-5).
BCP 47 defines a "Scope" property to identify subtags for language collections. However, it does not define any given collection as inclusive or exclusive, and does not use the ISO 639-5 grouping type attribute, although the description fields in the Language Subtag Registry for these subtags match the ISO 639-5 (inclusive) names. As a consequence, BCP 47 language tags that include a primary language subtag for a collection may be ambiguous as to whether the collection is intended to be inclusive or exclusive.
ISO 639-5 does not define precisely which languages are members of these collections; only the hierarchical classification of collections is defined, using the inclusive definition of these collections. Because of this, RFC 5646 does not recommend the use of subtags for language collections for most applications, although they are still preferred over subtags whose meaning is even less specific, such as "Multiple languages" and "Undetermined".
In contrast, the classification of individual languages within their macrolanguage is standardized, in both ISO 639-3 and the Language Subtag Registry.
ISO 15924, ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode
Script subtags were first added to the Language Subtag Registry when RFC 4646 was published, from the list of codes defined in ISO 15924. They are encoded in the language tag after primary and extended language subtags, but before other types of subtag, including region and variant subtags.
Some primary language subtags are defined with a property named "Suppress-Script" which indicates the cases where a single script can usually be assumed by default for the language, even if it can be written with another script. When this is the case, it is preferable to omit the script subtag, to improve the likelihood of successful matching. A different script subtag can still be appended to make the distinction when necessary. For example, yi is preferred over yi-Hebr in most contexts, because the Hebrew script subtag is assumed for the Yiddish language.
As another example, zh-Hans-SG may be considered equivalent to zh-Hans, because the region code is probably not significant; the written form of Chinese used in Singapore uses the same simplified Chinese characters as in other countries where Chinese is written. However, the script subtag is maintained because it is significant.
ISO 15924 includes some codes for script variants (for example, Hans and Hant for simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters) that are unified within Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. These script variants are most often encoded for bibliographic purposes, but are not always significant from a linguistic point of view (for example, Latf and Latg script codes for the Fraktur and Gaelic variants of the Latin script, which are mostly encoded with regular Latin letters in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646). They may occasionally be useful in language tags to expose orthographic or semantic differences, with different analysis of letters, diacritics, and digraphs/trigraphs as default grapheme clusters, or differences in letter casing rules.
Two-letter region subtags are based on codes assigned, or "exceptionally reserved", in ISO 3166-1. If the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency were to reassign a code that had previously been assigned to a different country, the existing BCP 47 subtag corresponding to that code would retain its meaning, and a new region subtag based on UN M.49 would be registered for the new country. UN M.49 is also the source for numeric region subtags for geographical regions, such as 005 for South America.
The UN M.49 codes for economic regions are not allowed.
Region subtags are used to specify the variety of a language "as used in" a particular region. They are appropriate when the variety is regional in nature, and can be captured adequately by identifying the countries involved, as when distinguishing British English (en-GB) from American English (en-US). When the difference is one of script or script variety, as for simplified versus traditional Chinese characters, it should be expressed with a script subtag instead of a region subtag; in this example, zh-Hans and zh-Hant should be used instead of zh-CN/zh-SG/zh-MY and zh-TW/zh-HK/zh-MO.
When a distinct language subtag exists for a language that could be considered a regional variety, it is often preferable to use the more specific subtag instead of a language-region combination. For example, ar-DZ (Arabic as used in Algeria) may be better expressed as arq for Algerian Spoken Arabic.
Adherence to core standards
Disagreements about language identification may extend to BCP 47 and to the core standards that inform it. For example, some speakers of Punjabi believe that the ISO 639-3 distinction between [pan] "Panjabi" and [pnb] "Western Panjabi" is spurious (i.e. they feel the two are the same language); that sub-varieties of the Arabic script should be encoded separately in ISO 15924 (as, for example, the Fraktur and Gaelic styles of the Latin script are); and that BCP 47 should reflect these views and/or overrule the core standards with regard to them.
BCP 47 delegates this type of judgment to the core standards, and does not attempt to overrule or supersede them. Variant subtags and (theoretically) primary language subtags may be registered individually, but not in a way that contradicts the core standards.[17]
Extensions
Extension subtags (not to be confused with extended language subtags) allow additional information to be attached to a language tag that does not necessarily serve to identify a language. One use for extensions is to encode locale information, such as calendar and currency.
Extension subtags are composed of multiple hyphen-separated character strings, starting with a single character (other than x), called a singleton. Each extension is described in its own IETFRFC, which identifies a Registration Authority to manage the data for that extension. IANA is responsible for allocating singletons.
Two extensions have been assigned as of January 2014.
Extension T (Transformed Content)
Extension T allows a language tag to include information on how the tagged data was transliterated, transcribed, or otherwise transformed. For example, the tag en-t-jp could be used for content in English that was translated from the original Japanese. Additional substrings could indicate that the translation was done mechanically, or in accordance with a published standard.
Extension T is described in the informational RFC 6497, published in February 2012.[18] The Registration Authority is the Unicode Consortium.
Extension U (Unicode Locale)
Extension U allows a wide variety of locale attributes found in the Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) to be embedded in language tags. These attributes include country subdivisions, calendar and time zone data, collation order, currency, number system, and keyboard identification.
he-IL-u-ca-hebrew-tz-jeruslm represents Hebrew as spoken in Israel, using the traditional Hebrew calendar, and in the "Asia/Jerusalem" time zone as identified in the tz database.
Extension U is described in the informational RFC 6067, published in December 2010.[19] The Registration Authority is the Unicode Consortium.
(also referencing the related informational RFC 5645, which complements the previous informational RFC 4645, as well other individual registration forms published separately by others for each language added or modified in the Registry between these BCP 47 revisions)
Questa voce sull'argomento politici giapponesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Noboru Takeshita Primo ministro del GiapponeDurata mandato6 novembre 1987 –3 giugno 1989 MonarcaHirohitoAkihito PredecessoreYasuhiro Nakasone SuccessoreSōsuke Uno Dati generaliPartito politicoPartito Liberal Democratico Firma Noboru Takeshita (竹下 登?, Takeshita Noboru; Unnan, 26 febbrai…
2002 filmKlatretøsenDVD coverDirected byHans Fabian WullenweberWritten byNikolaj ArcelErlend LoeProduced byBo EhrhardtLottie Terp JakobsenStarringJulie ZangenbergStefan Pagels AndersenMads RavnAnders W. BerthelsenDistributed byNimbus FilmRelease date2002 (2002)Running time90 minutesLanguageDanishBudget~ US$2,200,000 Klatretøsen (English: The Climbing Girl) is a 2002 Danish crime comedy film directed by Hans Fabian Wullenweber [da; de]. A remake from this Danish blockbuster wa…
MTVDiluncurkan28 Oktober 1996 (1996-10-28)PemilikViacom 18NegaraIndiaBahasaHindi InggrisKantor pusatMumbai, IndiaSaluran seindukVH1 India Nickelodeon IndiaSonicColorsComedy Central IndiaColors RishteySitus webwww.mtvindia.comMTV India adalah sebuah saluran televisi berbayar India yang berspesialisasi dalam musik, realitas, dan pemrograman budaya kaum muda. Diluncurkan pada 1996 sebagai versi India MTV dan dimiliki oleh Viacom 18, sebuah usaha bersama antara pemilik MTV International ViacomC…
Steve HarveyHarvey, 2017LahirBroderick Stephen Harvey17 Januari 1957 (umur 67)Welch, Virginia Barat, Amerika SerikatTempat tinggalAtlanta, Georgia, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktor, komedian, pembawa acara radio dan televisi, penulisTahun aktif1996–2014Kekayaan bersih$ 100 juta (2014) [1]Suami/istriMarcia (m. 1980–1994)Mary Lee Shackelford (m. 1996–2005)Marjorie…
Sufian Noor Wakil Bupati Tapin Informasi pribadiLahir10 Juni 1961 (umur 62) Rantau, Tapin, Kalimantan SelatanKebangsaanIndonesiaSuami/istriHj. Diah Nila PurnamaAnakReza AhmadNadiam RahmahRika AmaliaSunting kotak info • L • B Sufian Noor (lahir 10 Juni 1961)[1] adalah wakil bupati Tapin yang menjabat saat ini untuk masa periode 2013–2018.[2] Ia menjabat sebagai wakil bupati Tapin berpasangan dengan bupati Arifin Arpan. Karier Penyuluh Pertanian Spesialis Perke…
Tulang belakangKoluma verterba manusia dan bagian bagiannyaKoluma vertebra kambingRincianPengidentifikasiBahasa Latincolumna vertebralisDaftar istilah anatomi[sunting di Wikidata] Koluma vertebra, Turus ruas tulang belakang atau turus vertebra, juga dikenali sebagai tulang belakang atau spina, adalah bagian inti dari kerangka aksial pada hewan vertebrata. Tulng belakakng menjadi karakteristik ciri dari endoskeleton yang mana sebuah notokorda (sebuah tabung glikoprotein fleksibel yang tertutu…
Bayu Airlangga Bayu Airlangga adalah seorang politikus asal Indonesia. Bayu Airlangga adalah putra dari mantan Kepala BPN Jawa Timur Gede Ariyuda. Bayu menikah dengan putri bungsu mantan Gubernur Jawa Timur Soekarwo yang bernama Kartika Prawitasari. Setelah menikah dengan anak Soekarwo, Bayu Airlangga langsung terjun ke dunia politik untuk mengikut jejak mertuanya. Ia gabung dengan Partai Demokrat dan duduk sebagai Ketua Muda Mudi Demokrat Jatim. Partai Demokrat membuat dirinya maju pada Pemilu …
Arena Ski Tateyama Sanroku Gokurakuzaka, Jepang. Olahraga musim dingin adalah olahraga yang umum dimainkan selama musim dingin. Istilah ini dipakai untuk olahraga yang dilakukan di udara terbuka pada permukaan salju atau es.[1] Olahraga musim dingin yang umum dikenal, misalnya: ski, hoki es, dan skating indah. Daftar olahraga musim dingin Biatlon, kombinasi ski dan menembak. Catatan: olahraga Olimpiade Musim Dingin diberi tanda asteris. Skating es Artikel utama: Skating es Skating indah …
1914 battle of the Zaian War 32°51′27″N 05°37′21″W / 32.85750°N 5.62250°W / 32.85750; -5.62250 Battle of El HerriPart of the Zaian WarLocation of the battle shown on a 1953 map.Date13 November 1914LocationEl Herri, near Khénifra, MoroccoResult Zaian victoryBelligerents France Zaian ConfederationCommanders and leaders René Laverdure † Mouha ou Hammou ZayaniStrength 43 officers and 1,187 men[1] Estimated by the French at 5,000 tribesme…
Untuk ratu dan putri Skotlandia lainnya yang disebut Margaret, lihat Margaret dari Skotlandia (disambiguasi). Margrete atau MargaretaJendela kaca Balai Kota Lerwick yang menggambarkan Margrete, ratu Skotlandia dan putri NorwegiaRatu SkotlandiaMasa pemerintahan yang dipersengketakan25 November 1286 – 26 September 1290PendahuluAlaxandair IIIPenerusJohnInformasi pribadiKelahiran(1283-04-09)9 April 1283Tønsberg, NorwegiaKematian26 September 1290(1290-09-26) (umur 7)St Margaret's Hope, Orkney…
Giuseppe Benetti (Genova, 1825 – Genova, 1914) è stato uno scultore italiano. Statua dedicata alla duchessa di Galliera realizzata dallo scultore Giuseppe Benetti, Palazzo Tursi. Biografia Ebbe come maestro all'Accademia ligustica di belle arti di Genova Santo Varni, istituto che Benetti frequentava dal 1844. Nel 1852 si trasferì a Firenze grazie all'ottenimento di un sussidio, il Pensionato Durazzo, e nel capoluogo toscano continuò i suoi studi artistici. Terminata l'esperienza formativa t…
OrecchietteJenisPastaDaerahApuliaBahan utamaTerigu, airSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Media: Orecchiette Orecchiette adalah pasta khas Puglia, sebuah wilayah di Italia Selatan. Nama mereka berasal dari bentuknya, yang menyerupai telinga kecil. Orecchietta berbentuk kubah kecil, dengan bagian tengahnya lebih tipis dari ujungnya, dan dengan permukaan yang kasar. Seperti jenis pasta lainnya, orecchiette dibuat dengan gandum durum dan air. Telur jara…
Jembatan Williamsburg menghubungkan Brooklyn dengan Manhattan. Williamsburg adalah wilayah yang terletak di Brooklyn, New York City. Wilayah ini berbatasan dengan Greenpoint di utara, Bedford–Stuyvesant di selatan, Bushwick dan Ridgewood, Queens di timur, dan East River di barat. Williamsburg merupakan bagian dari Brooklyn Community Board 1. Williamsburg merupakan pusat rock indie, budaya hipster, dan seni lokal. Banyak kelompok etnis yang memiliki daerahnya sendiri, seperti orang Italia, Yahu…
Seorang tukang batu sedang menaruh mortar di atas deretan blok beton yang sudah jadi, sebelum menyusun deretan blok beton berikutnya di atasnya. Pekerjaan tukang batu (dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Masonry) adalah pembangunan sebuah struktur dari unit-unit individual yang diikat (disatukan) dengan mortar. Istilah masonry dapat merujuk kepada batu sebagai unit individual tersebut. Bahan umum untuk membangun masonry adalah unit-unit individual berupa: batu bata atau batu bangunan lainnya seperti ma…
Voce principale: Wikipedia. Wikipedia è un'enciclopedia online a contenuto libero nata il 15 gennaio 2001. Tra i suoi principi essenziali figurano il punto di vista neutrale[1] e il rispetto del copyright[2]. La pagina principale di Wikipedia il 28 settembre 2002 Jimmy Wales, fondatore di Wikipedia e della Wikimedia Foundation Larry Sanger, caporedattore di Nupedia e cofondatore di Wikipedia Indice 1 Storia 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Wikipedia.com 1.3 Wikipedia.org e la Enciclopedia Libre …
Ini adalah nama Maluku, Kei, marganya adalah Rettob Johannes RettobS.Sos., M.M. Pelaksana Tugas Bupati MimikaMasa jabatan15 September 2022 – 20 Juni 2023PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurLukas Enembe(Gubernur Papua)Ribka Haluk(Pj. Gubernur Papua Tengah) PendahuluEltinus OmalengPenggantiValentinus Sudarjanto Sumito (Pj.)Wakil Bupati Mimika ke-4Masa jabatan6 September 2019 – 15 September 2022PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurLukas EnembeBupatiEltinus Omaleng PendahuluYohanis BassangPen…
Eragrostis truncata TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubdivisiSpermatophytesKladAngiospermaeKladmonocotsKladcommelinidsOrdoPoalesFamiliPoaceaeSubfamiliChloridoideaeTribusEragrostideaeGenusEragrostisSpesiesEragrostis truncata Hack. lbs Eragrostis truncata (Afrikaans: bloupolgras, blue tussock[1]) adalah sebuah spesies rumput yang berasal dari Namibia, Botswana, dan Afrika Selatan. Tumbuhan tersebut banyak ditemukan di Nama Karoo.[2] Referensi ^ Also: gemsbokgras (deer grass), kwaggagras…
Type of military division organization A triangular division is a designation given to the way military divisions are organized. In a triangular organization, the division's main body is composed of three regimental maneuver elements. These regiments may be controlled by a brigade headquarters (more typical in World War I) or directly subordinated to the division commander. By contrast, in a square division, there were typically two brigades of two regiments.[1] Other structures are poss…