Pangasinan language

Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Pangasinense
Salitan Pangasinan
Pronunciation	[paŋɡasiˈnan]
Native to	Philippines
Region	Ilocos Region (entirety of Pangasinan, southwestern La Union); Central Luzon (northern Tarlac, northwestern Nueva Ecija, northern Zambales); Cordilleras (southwestern Benguet); Cagayan Valley (southwestern Nueva Vizcaya)
Ethnicity	Pangasinan
Native speakers	1.8 million (2010)[needs update]; 8th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Northern Luzon Meso-Cordilleran Southern Cordilleran West Southern Cordilleran Pangasinan; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Pangasinan alphabet); Historically written in: Kurítan
Official status
Official language in	Pangasinan
Recognised minority; language in	Philippines; (Regional language)
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pag
ISO 639-3	pag
Glottolog	pang1290
Linguasphere	31-CGA-f
	Areas where Pangasinan is spoken in the Philippines.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups and most Sambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.^[4]

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family.^[5]^[6] Pangasinan is similar to other closely related Philippine languages, Malay in Malaysia (as Malaysian), Indonesia (as Indonesian), Brunei, and Singapore, Hawaiian in Hawaii and Malagasy in Madagascar.^[7] The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages.^[8]

The other Pangasinic languages are:

Geographic distribution

Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, and Nueva Vizcaya, and has varying speakers in Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao especially in Soccsksargen, Davao Region, Caraga, Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental.

History

Austronesian speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan means 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Literature

Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)

Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's "Mi último adiós" in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Filipino, and Ilocano. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.

Phonology

Vowels

Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:^[8]^[1]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open-Mid	(ɛ)		(ɔ)
Open		a

In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as [i ~ ɪ ~ ɛ] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ]. The close variants [i]/[u] are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants [ɛ]/[ɔ] occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants [ɪ]/[ʊ] occur in all other environments.^[8]

Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.^[8]

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s	ʃ		h
Flap			ɾ
Approximant			l	j	w

Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where [d] is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & [ɾ] is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, [ɾ] is in free variation with trill [r]. In Spanish loanwords, [d] and [ɾ] contrast in all word positions.

All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be a syllable onset or coda. The phoneme /h/ rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh], the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/. However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in /re.los/ in Pangasinan. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur.

The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop /ʔ/ sometimes occurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.

Grammar

Sentence structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Pronouns

Personal

			Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique
			Independent	Enclitic	Ergative	Oblique
1st person	singular		siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
	dual		sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
	plural	inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
	plural	exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person	singular		siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
2nd person	plural		sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person	singular		sikató	-, -a	to	ed sikato
3rd person	plural		sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

Noun affixes

Benton (1971)^[9] lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" (affixes attached directly to nouns) and "nominalizing" (affixes which turn other parts of speech into nouns). Benton also describes "non-productive affixes", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived from Spanish.

Writing system

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	NG	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ng	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Loanwords

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar ('place'), podir (from poder, 'power, care'), kontra (from contra, 'against'), birdi (verde, 'green'), ispiritu (espíritu, 'spirit'), and santo ('holy, saint').

Examples

Malinac ya Labi (original by Julian Velasco).

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day kogip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen

Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay

Modern Pangasinan with English translation

Malinak lay Labi
Oras la’y mareen
Mapalpalna’y dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit da’y kugip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Lapu’d say limgas mo
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
Lalo la bilay
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
Napunas lan amin
So ermen ya akbibiten
No nanonotan
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Ag ta ka nalingwanan
Angga’d kauyos na bilay

A night of calm
An hour of peace
A gentle breeze
Along with it is the dew
So sweet is my dream
Suddenly I awake
Because of your beauty
You are the only one I will love
Best of all, my life
When it's you that I see
All are wiped away
The sorrows that I bear
When I remember
Of your sweet kindness
I will not forget you
Until life is gone

Words

I – siak, ak
you (singular) – sika, ka
he – sikato (he/she), kato
we – sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
you (plural) – sikayo, kayo, yo
they – sikara (sika ira)
this – aya
that – atan, aman
here – dia
there – diman, ditan
who – siopa, sio, si
what – anto
where – iner
when – kapigan, pigan
how – pano, panonto
not – ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
all – amin
many – amayamay, dakel
some – pigara (piga ira)
few – daiset
other – arom
one – isa, sakey
two – dua, duara (dua ira)
three – talo, talora (talo ira)
four – apat, apatira (apat ira)
five – lima, limara (lima ira)
big – baleg
long – andokey
wide – maawang, malapar
thick – makapal
heavy – ambelat
small – melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
short – melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
narrow – mainget
thin – mabeng, maimpis
woman – bii
man – laki, bolog
human – too
child – ogaw
wife – asawa, kaamong (spouse)
husband – asawa, kaamong (spouse)
mother – ina
father – ama
animal – ayep
fish – sira, ikan
bird – manok, siwsiw (chick)
dog – aso
louse – koto
snake – oleg
worm – bigis (germ), alumbayar (earthworm)
tree – kiew, tanem (plant)
forest – kakiewan, katakelan
stick – bislak, sanga
fruit – bunga
seed – bokel
leaf – bolong
root – lamot
bark – obak
flower – bulaklak, rosas
grass – dika
rope – singer, lubir, taker
skin – baog, katat
meat – laman
blood – dala
bone – pukel
fat (n.) – mataba, taba
egg – iknol
horn – saklor
tail – ikol
place – kulaan
go – laen
nothing – anggapo

feather – bago
hair – buek
head – olo
ear – layag
eye – mata
nose – eleng
mouth – sangi
tooth – ngipen
tongue – dila
fingernail – koko
foot – sali
leg – bikking
knee – pueg
hand – lima
wing – payak
belly – eges
guts – pait
neck – beklew
back – beneg
breast – pagew, suso
heart – puso
liver – altey
drink – inom
eat – mangan, akan, kamot
bite – ketket
suck – sepsep, suso
spit – lutda
vomit – uta
blow – sibok
breathe – engas, ingas, dongap, linawa, anges
laugh – elek
see – nengneng
hear – dengel
know – amta, kabat
think – nonot
smell – angob
fear – takot
sleep – ogip
live – bilay
die – onpatey, patey
kill – manpatey, patey
fight – laban, kolkol, bakal
hunt – managnop, anop, manpana, manerel (catch)
hit – tira, nakna, pekpek
cut – tegteg, sugat
split – pisag, puter, paldua (half)
stab – saksak, doyok
scratch – gugo, gorgor, korkor
dig – kotkot
swim – langoy
fly (v.) – tikyab
walk – akar
come – gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
lie – dokol (lie down), tila (tell a lie)
sit – yorong (i-orong)
stand – alagey
turn – liko, telek
fall – pelag (drop), tumba
give – iter, itdan (iteran)
hold – benben
squeeze – pespes
rub – kuskos, gorgor, poyok
wash – oras
wipe – ponas
pull – goyor
push – tolak
throw – topak
tie – singer
sew – dait

count – bilang
say – ibaga, ibagam
sing – togtog, kansiyon
play – galaw
float – letaw
flow – agos
freeze – kigtel
swell – larag
sun – agew, banua
moon – bulan
star – bitewen
water – danum
rain – uran
river – ilog, kalayan, patalan, angalakan
lake – look
sea – dayat, laot
salt – asin
stone – bato
sand – buer
dust – dabok
earth – dalin
cloud – lorem
fog – kelpa
sky – tawen
wind – dagem
snow – linew
ice – pakigtel
smoke – asewek
fire – apoy, pool (blaze), dalang (flame)
ashes – dapol
burn – pool, sinit
road – dalan, basbas (path)
mountain – palandey
red – ambalanga, pula
green – ampasiseng, pasiseng, birdi
yellow – duyaw
white – amputi, puti
black – andeket, deket
night – labi
day – agew
year – taon
hot – ampetang, petang
cold – ambetel, betel
full – napsel (napesel), napno (napano)
new – balo
old – daan
good – duga, maong, abig
bad – aliwa, maoges
rotten – abolok, bolok
dirty – maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
straight – maptek, petek
round – malimpek, limpek, tibokel
sharp – matdem (matarem), tarem
dull – mangmang, epel
smooth – palanas, patad, patar
wet – ambasa, basa
dry – amaga, maga
correct – duga, tua (true)
near – asinger
far – arawi
right – kawanan
left – kawigi
at – ed
in – ed
with – iba
and – tan
if – no
because – ta, lapu ed
name – ngaran
smile – imis, ngiriyet
lolo – laki
lola – bai
beautiful – magana, masanting, marakep
true – tua, tod-tua
wrong – aliwa
odor – ambanget
delicious – masamit, mananam
I love you – inaro taka, inar-aro taka

Good day! - Masantos ya agew!
Good morning! - Masantos ya kabwasan!
Good afternoon! - Masantos ya ngarem!
Good evening! - Masantos ya labi!

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog and Pangasinan

English	Tagalog	Pangasinan
one	isa/ᜁᜐ	sakey/ᜐᜃᜒᜌ᜔
two	dalawa/ᜇᜎᜏ	duara, dua/ᜇᜓᜀᜇ᜵ᜇᜓᜀ
three	tatlo/ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ	talora, talo/ᜆᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜆᜎᜓ
four	apat/ᜀᜉᜆ᜔	apatira, apat/ᜀᜌᜆᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜉᜆ᜔
five	lima/ᜎᜒᜋ	limara, lima/ᜎᜒᜋᜇ᜵ᜎᜒᜋ
six	anim/ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔	anemira, anem/ᜀᜈᜒᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔
seven	pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓ	pitora, pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓᜇ᜵ᜉᜒᜆᜓ
eight	walo/ᜏᜎᜓ	walora, walo/ᜏᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜏᜎᜓ
nine	siyam/ᜐᜒᜌᜋ᜔	siamira, siam/ᜐᜒᜀᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜐᜒᜀᜋ᜔
ten	sampu/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓ	samplora, samplo/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓ

Cardinal numbers:

Pangasinan	English
isa, sakey, san-	one
dua, dua'ra (dua ira)	two
talo, -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira)	three
apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira)	four
lima, lima'ra (lima ira)	five
anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira)	six
pito, pito'ra (pito ira)	seven
walo, walo'ra (walo ira)	eight
siam, siamira (siam ira)	nine
polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira)	tens, ten
lasus, sanlasus (isa'n lasus)	hundreds, one hundred
libo, sakey libo	thousands, one thousand
laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa	ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix kuma- (ka- plus infix -um). Example: kumadua, 'second'.

Associative numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with the prefix ka-. Example: katlo, 'third of a group of three'.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with the prefix ka- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, 'third part'.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix pi- and a cardinal number from two to four or pin- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, 'first time'; pidua, 'second time'; pinlima, 'fifth time'.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with the prefix man- (mami- or mamin- for present or future tense, and ami- or amin- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, 'once'; amidua, 'twice'; mamitlo, 'thrice'.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixes san-, tag-, or tunggal and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, 'one each'; sanderua, 'two each'.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with the prefixes magsi-, tunggal, or balangsakey and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, 'twice each'; magsi-pamidua, 'each twice'.

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

Fernández Cosgaya, Lorenzo (1865). Diccionario pangasinan-español and Vocabulario Hispano-pangasinán. Colegio de Santo Tomás – via University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
Macaraeg, Anastacio Austria (1898). Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán.
Pellicer, Mariano (1904). Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan.
Rayner, Ernest Adolphus (1923). Grammar and dictionary of the Pangasinan language / Gramatica tan diccionario na salitay Pangasinan. Manila, Philippines: Methodist Publishing House.
Viray, Felixberto B. (1927). The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language. Manila: University of the Philippines.
Corporación de PP. Dominicos (1951). Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo. U.S.T. Press.
Schachter, Paul Morris (1960). A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (Thesis). Los Angeles: University of California. OCLC 500620511.
Versoza, Paciencia E. (1977). Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (Philippine Normal College thesis). OCLC 4736102.
Benton, Richard A. (1971). Pangasinan Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. OCLC 1123520882.
Benton, Richard A. (1971). Pangasinan Reference Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824879105.
Benton, Richard A. (1971). Spoken Pangasinan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780870220739.
Benton, Richard A. (1972). Phonotactics of Pangasinan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. OCLC 16326646.
Constantino, Ernesto (1975). English-Pangasinan Dictionary.
Silverio, Julio F. (1976). New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary. Manila: National Book Store. OCLC 3371251.
Garcia, Alta Grace Q. (1981). Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs. Manila: Rex Book Store. OCLC 989412334.
Say Santa Biblia (in Pangasinan). Manila: Philippine Bible Society. 1982. ISBN 9789712900228.
Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (in Pangasinan). Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies. 1983. OCLC 54302118.
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2015). Balon Mundo a Patalos na Masanton Kasulatan. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
Tungol, Mario "Guese" (1993). Modern English-Filipino Pangasinan Dictionary. Manila: Merriam Webster. OCLC 70045401.
Church of Christ (n.d.). Say Cancanta. Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
Jovellanos, Emiliano (2002). Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary. The compilation has 20,000 entries.
Jovellanos, Mel V. (March 2007). Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (in Pangasinan). Calasiao: Corpuz Press.
Rosario, F. C. Jr. (2012). "The Vowel Space of Pangasinan". Frontiers of Language and Teaching. 3.
Malinak Lay Labi [Calm is the Night] (in Pangasinan). Traditional folk song.