South Bougainville languages

South Bougainville
South Bougainville
East Bougainville
Geographic; distribution	Bougainville Island
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions	Buinic; Nasioiic;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	sout2948
	Language families of the Solomon Islands. ; South Bougainville

The South Bougainville or East Bougainville languages are a small language family spoken on the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. They were classified as East Papuan languages by Stephen Wurm, but this does not now seem tenable, and was abandoned in Ethnologue (2009).

Classification

Glottolog v4.8 presents the following classification for the South Bougainville languages:^[1]

South Bougainville

Buinic

Buin

	Terei

	Uisai

Siwai

Nasioiic

Nasioi

Simekuic

	Avaipa

	Simeku

South–Central Nasioi

Central Nasioi

	Naasioi

	Ounge

South Nasioi

	Daantanaiʼ

	Koromira

Sibe (Nasioi)

Proto-South Bougainville

Pronouns

Ross reconstructed three pronoun paradigms for proto-South Bougainville, free forms plus agentive and patientive (see morphosyntactic alignment) affixes:

	I	we	you	s/he, they
free	*ni(ŋ)	nee DL ni PL	da SG dee DL *dai PL	ba SG bee DL *bai PL
patientive	*-m		*-d	*-b
agentive	*a	*o	i or e	*u

SG: singular; DL: dual; PL: plural

Lexicon

A detailed historical-comparative study of South Bougainville has been carried out by Evans (2009).^[2] Reconstructed Proto-South Bougainville lexicon from Evans (2009):

Proto-South Bougainville reconstructed lexicon

Gloss	Proto-South Bougainville
blood	*ereŋ
bone	*kōna
ear	*rome
eye	*rutɔ
fat, grease	*titi
guts	*kō
hand (arm)	*komɔ
head	*bore
knee	*mī
left (hand)	*mɔre-
liver	*nonɔŋ
neck	*kuru
nose	*keni
right (hand)	*mē-
tongue	*meneŋ
wing	*kupɔ
three	*be-
four	*kɔre-
ten	*nɔraŋ
brother (older of male)	*batato
brother (older of male)	*tāta
child	*tōtō
daughter (my)	*norɔ
father	*bomɔ
husband	*bɔ[m,ŋ]
man	*nugaŋ
mother	*bōko
person	*nɔmm[e,ai]
name	*mīŋ
son (my)	*nuri
wife	*bana
cloud	*kɔmo
dust	*rɔmo
garden	*kɔti
island	*mɔto
ocean	*maira
sand	*piti(a)
sea	*piruŋ
sky	*pɔn(iŋ)
smoke	*ī
sun	*rua
water	*doŋ
betelnut	*mōti
branch	*āgu
coconut (tree)	*mou
fruit, seed	*tinaŋ
leaf	*pɔda
mango	*baiti
sugarcane	*tɔnɔŋ
sweet potato	(*ane)
tobacco	*buru
tree	*koi
(tree) trunk	*mono
bird	*bɔrege
dog	*masika
eel	*baramɔ
fowl, chicken	*kokore
rat	*koto
bad	*orara
big	*pɔn(n)ɔ
black	*muŋ[i,o]
cold	*kamari
dirty	*kumi
far	*iti-
hungry	*perɔ
long, tall	*iti-
old	*uri-
sick	*tipɔ
thick	*mōtu
warm, hot	*tɔkɔtɔkɔ
white	*kākɔtɔ
fall	*ru-
flow	*tū
go	*be-
push	*tūme
put	*ti-
turn	*bero-
breathe, live	*roma-
cough	*k(o)u-
die	*bō
drink, eat	*nai
hear	*tarɔ-
sleep	*ati-
smell	*nū-
spit	*tutu-
suck	*muti-

Austronesian influence

South Bougainville words of likely Proto-Oceanic origin:^[3]

language	family	pig	fence	left	fish	back	shark
Nagovisi	South Bougainville	polo	para	akona-	kalege	vilo	—
Nasioi	South Bougainville	poro	parang	mare-	taki	bilo'	—
Buin	South Bougainville	uuru	holo	mori-	iana	muure	paaoi
Motuna	South Bougainville	huuru	horo	mori-	koringi	muuri	pakoi
Proto-Oceanic	Austronesian	*borok	*bara	*mawiri	*ikan	*muri-	*bakiwa
Torau	Austronesian	boo	barabara	mairi-	iala	mudi-	vavoi
Uruava	Austronesian	boro	bara		iana	pou-	bakubaku
Mono-Alu	Austronesian	boʔo	—	karaka	iana	aro-	baʔoi

Typology

South Bougainville languages have SOV word order, unlike the SVO Oceanic languages.^[3]

References

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - South Bougainville". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
^ Evans, Bethwyn. 2009. Beyond pronouns: further evidence for South Bougainville. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross, 73-101. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
^ ^a ^b Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072.
Malcolm Ross (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages." In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, 15-66. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - South Bougainville". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-18.

[2] Evans, Bethwyn. 2009. Beyond pronouns: further evidence for South Bougainville. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross, 73-101. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

[Stebbins-Island-3] Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

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