The eight-story structure, clad in brick, brownstone, architectural terracotta, occupies a triangular lot at the western corner of the five-pointed intersection of William, South William, and Beaver Streets. The facade is articulated into three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a two-story base, a five-story shaft, and a one-story capital. The building contains a curved corner with a portico that provides access to the restaurant on the lower stories. Inside, there is a restaurant space in the basement and first story, while the upper floors contain 40 condominiums.
The current building opened on July 7, 1891, with the restaurant at the base and top floor, as well as office space on the third through seventh floors. After 56 Beaver Street was sold to the American Merchant Marine Insurance Company in 1917, the restaurant was closed, and the building became an office structure known as the Merchant Marine House. The building was then sold twice in the 1920s before the City Bank-Farmers Trust Company foreclosed on the building. In 1926 Oscar Tucci purchased the lower level and first floor, then opened a restaurant. Tucci eventually acquired the entire building; his family continued to run the restaurant until the 1980s. The building's upper stories were renovated in the early 1980s. From 1982 to 1993, under a licensing agreement with the Tuccis, Ed Huber operated Delmonico's at 56 Beaver Street. Time Equities acquired the building in 1995; converting the upper stories into apartments; the lower stories operated yet again as a restaurant from 1998 to 2020. Delmonico's is scheduled to reopen in late 2023.
The site covers 9,150 sq ft (850 m2), with a frontage of 150.9 ft (46.0 m) on Beaver Street and a depth of 149.5 ft (45.6 m).[4] The site originally measured 55.67 ft (17 m) wide along Beaver Street and 126 ft (38 m) wide along South William Street.[5][6] By the early 20th century, the building had been extended to cover 146 ft (45 m) on South William Street and 70 ft (21 m) on Beaver Street.[7][8]
Architecture
56 Beaver Street was designed by James Brown Lord for the Delmonico's restaurant chain.[9][10] Lord may have been hired to design 56 Beaver Street because he had designed a Delmonico's branch at 341 Broadway in 1886.[11][12] Architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern described the building as containing elements of the Richardsonian Romanesque and Renaissance Classicism styles.[13] The original design complemented the headquarters of the New York Cotton Exchange directly across William and South William streets, at the southeast corner of the intersection.[13][a]
Facade
56 Beaver Street contains a facade of orange Roman brick, brownstone, and beige terracotta. The facade is articulated into three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital.[6][15] The two principal elevations on South William and Beaver streets are joined by a rounded corner on William Street, which is divided vertically into three bays. The Beaver Street elevation is divided into two wide bays and one narrow bay from west to east. The western portion of the South William Street elevation has two wide bays, while the eastern portion has three wide bays flanked by two narrow bays.[6]
Base
Entrance to the building
The lowest part of the two-story base contains a water table, which was originally made of brick and granite but was subsequently refaced in sandstone. Above the water table, the base is clad with Belleville brownstone.[6] The restaurant's main entrance is beneath a portico at the rounded corner on William Street.[16] Two Corinthian columns support a frieze with the name "Delmonico's" in all capital letters, above which runs a balustrade.[15][16] This portico was preserved from the previous building on the site.[17] Recessed behind the portico is the doorway, which is flanked by two columns. These columns, saved from the previous building, were reportedly imported from Pompeii,[17][18][19] and patrons touched these columns for good luck.[11] There is a marble cornice above the doorway, as well as wooden panels in the reveals of the doorway. The entrance itself is through a pair of wooden double doors with glass windows.[20]
On Beaver Street, a pink-granite stoop leads up to an archway, which leads to the building's residential (formerly office) stories. The archway occupies the westernmost bay of the facade and is surrounded by splayed jambs with classical motifs. The remainder of this bay is flanked by a pair of flat pilasters and is clad with stucco. The doors themselves are made of glass. Directly above the entrance are two windows on the second floor, which are flanked by reliefs that depict volutes. The address "56 Beaver Street" is printed on a plaque above those windows.[20] To the west are four four-story brownstone structures at 48-54 Beaver Street, which dates from the late 19th century. Part of the commercial space extends into these structures, and the lot at 54 Beaver Street.[15]
Near the western end of the South William Street elevation, a brownstone stoop leads up to the ground-level commercial space. The stoop is flanked by brownstone side walls with iron railings above them. The doorway contains stone carvings of Renaissance style motifs. The reveals of the doorway also contain wooden panels, and the door is topped by a transom bar and a window.[20] The westernmost two bays on South William Street contain entrance doorways.[20] The remaining bays contain simple window openings,[6][21] which have canopies above them.[20]
Upper stories
Arches on the western end of the South Beaver Street elevation
The third through seventh stories comprise the building's midsection.[16] The curved corner contains two stacked colonnades, each with four double-height engaged columns, on the third to sixth floors.[20][21][22] The curved corner's spandrel panels, above the windows on the third and fifth stories, contain foliate motifs. On the seventh story, the curved corner is decorated with brownstone panels that contain reliefs with arabesques.[20] On South William and Beaver Streets, a brick arch spans the third through sixth stories in each bay. The arches are surrounded by terracotta quoins, which contain reliefs with checkerboard patterns.[20][22] The remainders of both elevations are made of brick. Above these arches are terracotta panels with foliate motifs. A deep cornice with modillions runs above the seventh story.[20]
On all elevations, the eighth story is clad with brick. The windows on the eighth story are separated by pilasters with arabesques, above which is a small cornice.[21][20] There was formerly a balustrade above the cornice. The roof contains brick chimneys on the southwestern and northeastern corners, as well as a brick penthouse on the northwestern corner (near Beaver Street).[20]
Interior
56 Beaver Street was built with an iron and steel superstructure.[6] When the building was constructed, the basement and lowest two stories were used by the restaurant.[5] When the building opened, the main dining room on the first floor was open only to men.[22] The main dining room was decorated in white and gold.[17] This room contained a lunch counter at the rear of the room, near South William Street, as well as a bar and an oyster counter next to the lunch counter.[5] There was also a separate dining room for women, which was decorated in "carmine and white and gold" with a decorative fireplace.[17] The women's dining room took up half of the second story, while private dining rooms occupied the remainder of that story.[5][18] The basement was surrounded by a wall measuring 10 ft (3.0 m) thick. In the basement were a wine cellar, dynamos, elevator pumps, and staff dressing rooms.[5][23]
When the building was completed, the eighth story was used as a kitchen, with pneumatic tubes and hydraulic elevators running to the lower levels.[17][22] The pneumatic tubes would carry slips of paper, with guests' orders written on them, and the food was then sent down on the elevators. The kitchen itself was made of marble.[17] The third to seventh stories were rented out as offices.[18][22] In 1926, Oscar Tucci operated a speakeasy in the basement of the building. By 1935, Tucci owned the entire Delmonico building. Over the decade's of Tucci's ownership, he was operating the entire building as restaurant space. Since 1997, the building's upper stories have contained 37 apartments, which range from studio apartments covering 750 sq ft (70 m2) to two-bedroom units covering 1,500 sq ft (140 m2).[24]
History
Swiss brothers Pietro and Giovanni Delmonico opened a French cafe in 1827[25][26] at 23 William Street.[26][27] The brothers opened two more businesses in the surrounding neighborhood during the next decade.[27] After the 23 William Street building burned down in 1835 during the Great Fire of New York,[28] the Delmonico brothers constructed a building at the intersection of William, South William, and Beaver Streets in 1837. The three-story structure was known popularly as the Citadel because it had a rounded corner.[26][27] This structure also had cantilevered iron balconies on the second and third stories, as well as a colorful bar room and several smaller dining rooms.[29] It eventually became one of the most famous restaurants in New York City and was prominent nationally.[30][31] By the 1880s, the restaurant chain was extremely popular and had grown to four locations. In addition, many tall structures were being built in the Financial District, and the original branch was too small to accommodate the increased clientele.[32]
Delmonico family operation
Delmonico's, Beaver and South William streets, 1893
Delmonico's chief executive Charles Crist Delmonico had bought two lots on South William Street, next to the Citadel, in 1889.[27][33][b] The same year, Delmonico hired Lord to design an eight-story building on the site of the Citadel.[12][34] The building would be the first significant non-residential structure designed by Lord.[11] In March 1890, The New York Times announced that the old Delmonico's Building had been demolished and that a new structure would be erected on the site.[5] Delmonico laid the cornerstone for the new building on July 10, 1890.[18][11] The new restaurant opened on July 7, 1891, almost exactly one year after the official groundbreaking.[17][18][11] Delmonico's Beaver Street branch was initially successful and was particularly known for its "daytime lunches".[9] In 1893, one newspaper described the restaurant as one of "the three great resorts for that human excrescence known as the moneyed dude" in Lower Manhattan.[35] The upper stories were leased to tenants such as New York, Ontario and Western Railway.[36]
With the closure of the restaurant's Broad Street branch in 1893,[18][37] the 56 Beaver Street location was Delmonico's only remaining outpost in Lower Manhattan;[11] the restaurant opened another location in Midtown Manhattan in the late 1890s.[28] Charles Delmonico died in 1901,[38] and his aunt Rosa Delmonico took over the restaurant's operation until her own death three years later.[11][39] As early as 1903, the City Real Property and Investing Company (which had bought the city block the prior year) contemplated demolishing the entire block and constructing a skyscraper on the site.[40] These plans never materialized, as City Real Investing sold most of the block in 1905.[41][42]
Meanwhile, following Rosa's death, Charles's sister Josephine Delmonico took over the Delmonico's chain.[11][43] The executor of Rosa's estate hired several accountants to investigate the finances of the two Delmonico's locations, finding that both locations "seem to be run entirely by the employees without any responsible head".[39] New York state appraisers found that she was heavily in debt and had guaranteed a $450,000 mortgage loan on 56 Beaver Street. Rosa Delmonico did not own the building, which was worth $750,000 at the time.[44][45] Delmonico's was incorporated in late 1908, with Josephine as the majority stockholder.[43] Various members of the Delmonico family held minority stakes in the corporation.[46] The same year, Title Insurance Company replaced the mortgage on the property with a new loan.[47] When Delmonico's debt started to increase in the 1910s, tensions between family members increased.[9][46] The restaurant's losses were exacerbated by the onset of World War I, which impacted global food supply chains.[46]
Use as insurance company building
In August 1917, the American Merchant Marine Insurance Company announced that it would buy the building for over $500,000 and use the structure as an "insurance center".[48][49] Cecil P. Stewart, head of Frank B. Hall & Company, represented the insurance company in the transaction.[50] The sale was finalized the following month; the new owner assumed a $425,000 mortgage on the property, and Robert R. Rainey was appointed as property manager.[51] Initially, the restaurant would continue operating on the lower floors, while the insurance offices would be on the upper floors.[6][50] The restaurant ultimately closed its 56 Beaver Street location on November 24, 1917,[52][53] and relocated to Broad Street;[54] the company continued to operate a branch in Midtown until 1923.[55]
The building was renamed the Merchant Marine House after the closure of the Delmonico's restaurant.[56] At the time, there were several financial exchanges nearby, including the Maritime Exchange, the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York, the New York Cotton Exchange, and the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange.[7] After 56 Beaver Street became the Merchant Marine House, its lower stories were divided into offices as well.[6] By early 1919, there were so many marine insurance companies at 56 Beaver Street that the American Merchant Marine Insurance Company purchased additional structures across the street to accommodate the additional demand.[57][58] The Insurance Company of North America (INA) purchased 56 Beaver Street in October 1920.[7][8] The sale represented a $400,000 profit for the American Merchant Marine Insurance Company.[8][59]The New York Times described the transaction as "the largest cash profit in any one realty deal in the neighborhood in recent years".[59]
During the 1920s and 1930s, the upper floors of 56 Beaver Street were being used as offices for ship insurance, legal offices, and other types of offices. INA owned the building until October 1929, when a syndicate of investors from New York City and Chicago bought 13 buildings on the city block for $6.5 million, including the fee position to the land under 56 Beaver Street.[60][61] INA then leased back the basement and the first through fourth stories.[62] The William and Beaver Corporation, a holding company representing the investors, received $3 million in financing for the buildings on the block in May 1930.[63][64] The financing consisted of a $2.25 million loan from the City Bank-Farmers Trust Company, which was merged with two other mortgage loans.[65] The Charles F. Noyes Company was hired as 56 Beaver Street's managing and renting agent in March 1933.[66][67] City Bank-Farmers Trust had foreclosed on the 13 buildings on the block by January 1934,[68][69] and they were placed for sale at a foreclosure auction that September.[70] City Bank-Farmers Trust ultimately took over the buildings in October 1934, bidding $3 million.[71][72]
Mid- to late 20th century
Tucci era
Close-up of the entrance portico
The restaurateur Oscar Tucci opened Oldelmonico Restaurant (also known as Oscar's Old Delmonico[73] or Oscar's Old Del Monico[74]) in the building in 1926 first as a speakeasy and small restaurant.[75] By December 1934, after the repeal of Prohibition, Brown, Wheelock, Harris & Co. had sold a restaurant and bar in the basement and first story to Oscar Tucci.[6][76] The restaurant was expanded to the second story in 1935 after becoming a popular eatery, and it was further enlarged in 1943 to the first story of 48–54 Beaver Street, which Oscar Tucci and City Bank-Farmers Trust Company owned.[6] A subsidiary of the bank, 44 Beaver Street Corporation, filed plans in 1944 for a 33-story structure to be built on the Delmonico's site.[77][78] Had this skyscraper been built, it would have been around 394 ft (120 m) tall, and it would have contained about 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) of space for offices, stores, and a restaurant.[77]
The building continued to be used as an office structure during the mid-20th century. In June 1953, the 44 Beaver Street Corporation (owned by Oscar Tucci) sold the structures at 48–56 Beaver Street to the 47 Beaver Street Corporation (owned by Mario Tucci & Mary Tucci).[79][80] This corporation's management represented Tucci, who hired architect John J. Regan the following year to draw up plans for renovating the lobby and the second through eighth floors. The redesigned lobby was to contain marble walls, fluorescent lights, new elevator cabs, and a rebuilt staircase.[81][82] Through the 1960s, the restaurant remained popular among those who worked in the Financial District.[83] The restaurant's guests included Richard Nixon, who frequently dined there before he was elected as U.S. president.[84]
Tucci operated the restaurant at the building until his death in 1969.[76] Mary Tucci and her brother Mario continued to run the restaurant into the 1970s.[85] The Tucci family ultimately licensed the restaurant after 1977, following the New York City fiscal crisis.[84] A New York Daily News article had described the building as "empty and dark, although two gas lamps at its entrance still burn with a ghostly flicker".[29] Three years later, the restaurant space was still vacant; Jennifer Dunning of The New York Times said the space was "so empty and deserted that it seems unhaunted even by ghosts".[86]
Huber lease
Ed Huber leased the building in 1981 and, after a renovation, reopened Delmonico's in 1982.[84] Huber used historical paragraphs to restore the original appearance of the restaurant.[87] Meanwhile, several Italian investors considered renovating the building into stores and residences.[84][87] They spent $6 million to convert the building into 30 residential condominiums. Due to a lack of demand for residential condominiums, the upper stories were instead rented out as office space.[87] In 1989, on the 150th anniversary of the original Delmonico's building on the site, the restaurant dedicated two dining rooms in the former wine cellar. The rooms were named after writers Charles Dickens and Mark Twain, who had both eaten at one of the previous Delmonico's locations.[84]
In an 18-month span from 1990 to 1991, four companies collectively vacated 30 percent of the building's space. During that time, the building's owners were unable to pay taxes for a year.[88] Around that time, business at Delmonico's had started to decline because numerous financial firms in the area had downsized.[89] The Delmonico's restaurant at the building's base closed in 1993,[90] largely because of the early 1990s recession.[91] By the mid-1990s, Tony Goldman and Washington Square Associates were considering buying 56 Beaver Street.[92]
Residential conversion and 21st century
Restaurant entrance at night
In 1995, Time Equities Inc. and several partners bought the building for about $3 million; at the time, the restaurant space was empty and almost half of the office space was vacant.[93] Time Equities chairman Francis Greenburger said he had decided to buy the building half an hour after he saw it.[94] Greenburger renovated 56 Beaver Street, along with the nearby 47 West Street, into rental apartments.[95][96] The apartment conversion ultimately cost $3.7 million and was completed by 1997, at which point all of the apartments were leased.[24] Additionally, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the Delmonico's Building as an official city landmark on February 13, 1996.[1][97] The building was one of over 20 structures in the Financial District that the LPC designated as landmarks during the 1990s.[98] By 1996, there were also plans to open a microbrewery in the Delmonico's space.[99][100] Greenburger had attempted to lease the restaurant space to Joe Quattrocchi, but the agreement fell through due to issues in obtaining a liquor license.[24]
Time Equities leased the space in 1997 to Bice Equities, which planned to open a 400-seat restaurant across the building's lowest two stories.[101] Morris Nathanson renovated the restaurant's interiors, adding 19th-century dark wood paneling and mid-20th-century murals.[102] In addition, a former bakery space in the basement was converted into a lounge.[103] The Delmonico's restaurant opened in the lower section of the building in May 1998.[102][104] The next year, four investors bought the building's restaurant space and formed Ocinomled Ltd. (named for a reverse spelling of the name "Delmonico").[105][106] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,[107] a National Register of Historic Places district.[2]
The restaurant's four co-owners were involved in internal disputes with each other by the late 2010s, even as the restaurant remained popular.[105] The restaurant was forced to close temporarily in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, amid a lawsuit between the four co-owners.[106] A state judge ruled in favor of two of the co-owners, Ferdo and Omer Grgurev, in March 2021; the brothers planned to renovate the restaurant and reopen it in late 2021.[108] The building was damaged in September due to flooding caused by Hurricane Ida, and Time Equities was unable to repair the damage for several months.[109][110] Time Equities was in the process of evicting the Grgurev family by 2022, alleging that the Grgurevs had failed to pay $300,000 in rent during the pandemic.[109] Time Equities did not renew Ocinomled's lease when the lease expired in December 2022.[111] Dennis Turcinovic and Joseph Licul signed a 15-year lease for 14,393 square feet (1,337.2 m2) on the lower stories at the end of that month;[112] at the time, the restaurant was set to reopen in late 2023.[111][113] Oscar Tucci's grandson Max Tucci was hired that July as the restaurant's brand ambassador, while WAVE Design Studios redesigned the interior of the restaurant, adding five private dining rooms.[114] The Delmonico's at the building's base began hosting private events and groups in July[114][115] and formally reopened September 15, 2023.[116][117]
^The old Cotton Exchange building was demolished in 1923. It is not to be confused with One Hanover Square, which is one block south and also housed the Cotton Exchange.[14]
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American politician (1815-1898) For his nephew, the Mayor of Baltimore, see Robert McLane. For the Maryland state steamer, see Governor R. M. McLane (steamboat). Robert Milligan McLaneRobert Milligan McLane in an 1858 portrait by George Peter Alexander Healy27th United States Minister to FranceIn officeMay 14, 1885 – May 20, 1889PresidentGrover Cleveland Benjamin HarrisonPreceded byLevi P. MortonSucceeded byWhitelaw Reid39th Governor of MarylandIn officeJanuary 9, 1884 –…
Cette liste est une ébauche concernant l’administration territoriale. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Voici une liste des subdivisions administratives des pays du monde. Liste détaillée Pays Niveau Subdivision administrative Capitale Population Allemagne Land Bade-Wurtemberg Stuttgart 11 100 394 hab. (2019) Basse-Saxe Hanovre 7 993 608 hab. (2019) Bavière Munich 13 124 737 hab. (2019) Berlin 3 …
Vous lisez un « article de qualité » labellisé en 2012. Six personnalités de l'histoire de la relativité : 1. Isaac Newton 2. James Clerk Maxwell 3. Hendrik Lorentz 4. Henri Poincaré 5. Albert Einstein 6. Hermann Minkowski L’histoire de la relativité restreinte décrit le développement de propositions et constatations empiriques et conceptuelles, au sein de la physique théorique, qui ont permis d’aboutir à une nouvelle compréhension de l’espace et du temps. Cette…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Indonesia SamarindaRektorDrs. H. Amransyah Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Indonesia Samarinda adalah perguruan tinggi swasta di Samarinda, Indonesia. Pendiriannya pada tahun 1993. Rektor pada tahun 2006 adalah Drs. H. Amransya…
Weekly satirical magazine in Italy (1945–1961) CandidoCategoriesSatirical magazineFrequencyWeeklyPublisherRizzoliFounded1945Final issue1961CountryItalyBased inMilanLanguageItalian Candido was a satirical magazine published in Milan, Italy, between 1945 and 1961. It was cofounded and edited by Giovannino Guareschi. History and profile Giovannino Guareschi reading Candido Candido was started in 1945 as a successor of another satirical magazine Bertoldo.[1][2][3] It was co…
Belgian post-marxist political theorist Chantal MouffeMouffe in 2013Born (1943-06-17) 17 June 1943 (age 80)Charleroi, BelgiumAwardsWestern philosophyEraContemporary philosophySchoolPost-MarxismMain interestsPolitical theoryNotable ideasCriticism of deliberative democracy Chantal Mouffe (French: [muf]; born 17 June 1943)[1] is a Belgian political theorist, formerly teaching at University of Westminster.[2] She is best known for her and Ernesto Laclau's contribution to…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Godavari Bridge – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bridge in RajahmundryGodavari BridgeThe Godavari Bridge across Godavari RiverCoordinates16°59′52″N 81°45′21″E / 16.9977…
Divisions of some autonomous communities in Spain ComarcaAlso known as:Comarques (Catalan), Eskualde (Basque)CategoryComarcaLocationSpainFound inautonomous communitiesNumber83 formal, 465 total (as of 20 June 2022)GovernmentComarcal councilSubdivisionsMunicipality Comarcas of Spain In Spain, a comarca (Spanish: [koˈmaɾkas], sing. comarca)[a] is either a traditional territorial division without any formal basis, or a group of municipalities, legally defined by an autonomous…
Hypothesis in anthropology This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onAnthropology OutlineHistory Types Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Experiential Feminist Fore…
Not to be confused with The Challenge: Double Agents. Season of television series Free AgentsSeason 25Presented byT. J. LavinNo. of contestants28Winners Johnny Bananas Devenanzio Laurel Stucky Location Punta del Este, Uruguay Pucón, Chile No. of episodes13 (Reunion Included)ReleaseOriginal networkMTVOriginal releaseApril 10 (2014-04-10) –June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26)Season chronology← PreviousRivals II Next →Battle of the Exes II The Challenge: Free Agents is the 25t…
Disambiguazione – Skunk rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Skunk (disambigua). Disambiguazione – Moffetta rimanda qui. Se stai cercando la forma di attività vulcanica chiamata anche moffetta, vedi Mofeta. Come leggere il tassoboxMefitidiMephitis mephitisClassificazione scientificaDominioEukaryota RegnoAnimalia PhylumChordata ClasseMammalia OrdineCarnivora SottordineCaniformia FamigliaMephitidaeBonaparte, 1845 Generi e areale Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus Spilo…
King of the Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor For other uses, see Charlemagne (disambiguation). CharlemagneA denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG(Karolus Imperator Augustus)King of the FranksReign9 October 768 – 28 January 814Coronation9 October 768NoyonPredecessorPepin the ShortSuccessorLouis the PiousKing of the LombardsReignJune 774 – 28 January 814PredecessorDesideriusSuccessorBernardEmperor of the Carolingian EmpireReign25 December 800 –…
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