Zuccotti Park

Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park
	Zuccotti Park in New York City in May 2015
Type	Plaza
Location	Financial District, Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates	40°42′33″N 74°00′40″W / 40.709228°N 74.011247°W
Area	33,000 square feet (3,100 m2)
Created	1968
Etymology	John Eugene Zuccotti, Brookfield Properties CEO
Operated by	Brookfield Properties
Status	Open all year

Zuccotti Park (formerly Liberty Plaza Park) is a 33,000-square-foot (3,100 m²) publicly accessible park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is located in a privately owned public space (POPS) controlled by Brookfield Properties^[1]^[2] and Goldman Sachs. Zuccotti Park is bounded by Broadway to the east, Liberty Street to the north, Trinity Place to the west, and Cedar Street to the south.

The park was created in 1968 by Pittsburgh-based United States Steel, after the property owners negotiated its creation with city officials. It was named Liberty Plaza Park because it was situated one block south of One Liberty Plaza. The park's northwest corner is across the street from Four World Trade Center. It has been popular with local tourists and financial workers.

The park was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery efforts of 2001. The plaza was later used as the site of several events commemorating the anniversary of the attacks. After renovations in 2006, the park was renamed by its current owners, Brookfield Properties, after company chairman John Zuccotti. In 2011, the plaza became the site of the Occupy Wall Street protest camp, during which activists occupied the plaza and used it as a staging ground for their protests throughout the Financial District.

History

The site was the location of the first coffeehouse in colonial New York City, The King's Arms which opened under the ownership of Lieutenant John Hutchins in 1696. It stood on the west side of Broadway between Crown (now Liberty) Street and Little Queen (now Cedar) Street.^[3] On November 5, 1773, summoned by the Sons of Liberty, a huge crowd assembled outside the coffee house to denounce the Tea Act, and agents of the East India Trading Company who were handling cargoes of dutied tea. It was perhaps the first public demonstration in opposition to the Tea Act in the American colonies.^[4]

The park was created in 1968 or the early 1970s by Pittsburgh-based United States Steel, after the property owners negotiated its creation with city officials, in return for a height bonus for an adjacent building at the time of its construction.^[5] The structure, One Liberty Plaza, replaced the demolished Singer Building and City Investing Building.^[6]

The park is home to a signpost for Temple Street, a "ghost street" which appeared on Manhattan maps as early as 1695, but was redeveloped out of existence by the early 1970s.^[7]

September 11 attacks and renovation

The park was one of the few open spaces with tables and seats in the Financial District. Located one block from the World Trade Center, it was covered with debris, and subsequently used as a staging area for the recovery efforts after the destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.^[8] As part of the Lower Manhattan rebuilding efforts, the park was regraded, trees were planted, and the tables and seating restored.^[6] Those who were working in the Zuccotti Park staging area of the recovery efforts, along with those who were living and working South of Houston Street in the months after the 9/11 attacks, have continued to develop cancers and other illnesses, for which they can seek compensation through the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund. Located near Zuccotti Park is the law firm of Pitta & Baione LLP, which serves as a local office for those who were impacted by these events and are seeking legal recourse.

The park at night during the holiday season

On June 1, 2006, the park reopened after an $8 million renovation designed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners. It was renamed Zuccotti Park in honor of John E. Zuccotti, former City Planning Commission chairman and first deputy mayor under Abe Beame and the then-chairman of Brookfield Properties,^[9] which used private money to renovate the park. Currently, the park has a wide variety of trees, granite sidewalks, tables and seats, as well as lights built into the ground, which illuminate the area. With its proximity to Ground Zero, Zuccotti Park is a popular tourist destination. The World Trade Center cross, which was previously housed at St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, was featured in a ceremony held in Zuccotti Park before it was moved to the 9/11 Memorial.^[10] The park won the 2008 American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Regional and Urban Design and was featured in Architectural Record and International New Architecture magazines.^[11]

Occupy Wall Street

During the Occupy Wall Street movement, many protesters inhabited Zuccotti Park and spent their days and nights there, despite park rules prohibiting staying overnight. Attempts were made by the NYPD to disperse the protesters, but not until November 15, 2011, were they substantially evicted. At that time, police officers lit up the area with floodlights and began to clear out the park. Tents, tarps, and other forms of shelters were immediately removed, but protesters began to resist being driven out of the park. This led to the pepper-spraying and detainment of some protesters. After the park was reopened to the public, it was made known that protesters were still permitted to exercise their civil rights, but that this did not include sleeping and camping out at the park. Some protesters attempted to remain at the site after this, which led to continuing conflict with the police. After the complete eviction of the protesters from the park, they rallied again and attempted to take over other locations.^{[citation needed]}

Sculptures

The park is home to two sculptures.^[8]^[12] Joie de Vivre by Mark di Suvero, a 70-foot-tall sculpture consisting of bright-red beams,^[13] was installed in Zuccotti Park in 2006, having been moved from its previous installation in the Storm King Art Center. Benjamin Genocchio, an Australian then-New York-based art critic, commented that the sculpture suited the location, "nicely echoing the skyscrapers around it."^[14] The other sculpture is Double Check,^[15] depicting a bronze businessman sitting on a bench, by John Seward Johnson II.^[16] The park formerly had a third sculpture: Rose III by Isa Genzken, installed in 2018 at the northwest corner of the park.^[17]

References

Notes

^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (November 13, 2011). "Privately Owned Park, Open to the Public, May Make Its Own Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
^ "New York City's Privately Owned Public Spaces". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ Burrows and Wallace (1999), p.108
^ Burrows and Wallace (1999), p.214
^ Dunlap 2006 gives the date as 1968, but Wired New York 2004 gives 1972. Other sources give similar dates: *1974: Collins, Glenn (July 23, 2005). "A Return Engagement for a Ground Zero Oasis". Wired New York. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. The park was built in 1974 in a trade-off that let the developer add seven stories to 1 Liberty Plaza, the office tower across the street; the park could only be completed when a holdout, a Chock Full O' Nuts store, was razed in 1980. *Early 1970s: Urbanelli, Elisa (June 7, 1988). Goeschel, Nancy (ed.). U.S. Realty Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. p. 5. In the early 1970s, the U.S. Steel Corporation constructed a plaza, in conjunction with their new headquarters, directly to the north of the U.S. Realty Building ...
^ ^a ^b "Liberty Plaza Construction to Begin This Spring". Wired New York. January 21, 2004. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ Dunlap, David W. (January 30, 2012). "Holding Out at Zuccotti Park Is a 44-Year-Old Tradition". City Room. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Brookfield Properties Re-Opens Lower Manhattan Park Following $8 Million Renovation" (Press release). June 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Colford, Paul D. (June 6, 2006). "Park Honor for Ex-City Official". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ "'WTC Cross' Is Installed in 9/11 Memorial Museum (Updated)". 9/11 Memorial & Museum. July 23, 2011. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ "Zuccotti Park". Cooper, Robertson & Partners. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ "Zuccotti Park Opens at Broadway and Liberty Street". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. June 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2010; "Liberty Plaza Park Turns Over a New Leaf". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2010; Dunlap, David W. (June 1, 2006). "Back at His Bench Downtown, Having Survived 9/11". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
^ "Picture Lower Manhattan: Joie de Vivre by Mark di Suvero". Downtown Alliance. July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ Genocchio, Benjamin (June 23, 2006). "Works of a Major Player In Macho Sculpture". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ "Double Check, by John Seward Johnson II". Downtown Alliance. March 16, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ Genzlinger, Neil (March 12, 2020). "J. Seward Johnson Jr., Sculptor of the Hyper-Real, Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ Neuendorf, Henri (September 18, 2018). "Isa Genzken's Monumental Steel Rose Rises in Zuccotti Park—Just in Time for the 10-Year Anniversary of the Financial Crisis". artnet News. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.