Soka Gakkai International

Soka Gakkai International
創価学会インターナショナル
	Soka Gakkai International flag
Abbreviation	SGI
Formation	January 26, 1975
Headquarters	Tokyo, Japan
Revenue	donations and investments
Website	www.sokaglobal.org

Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is an international Nichiren Buddhist organisation run by two vice-presidents including Hiromasa Ikeda. It was founded in 1975 by his father, Daisaku Ikeda, as an umbrella organization of Soka Gakkai.

As of 2021, and for the past 30 years, the SGI claims approximately 12 million adherents in 192 countries and territories,^[1] more than 1.5 million of whom resided outside of Japan as of 2012.^[2] But those numbers are controversial and impossible to verify. Recent scholarship estimate Soka Gakkai believers around 2.5 million people in Japan.^[3]

SGI is one of the 6000 organizations awarded a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, since 1983.^[4]

It also remains a controversial organization, due to the ambiguous reputation of the Japanese Soka Gakkai. Some countries consider it as a cult.

History

The Soka Gakkai International (SGI) was formed at a conference on January 26, 1975, on the island of Guam.^[5] Representatives from 51 countries attended the meeting and chose Daisaku Ikeda to become the SGI's founding president.^[5] The SGI was created in a symbolic gesture referencing Guam's history as the site of some of World War II's bloodiest battles, and proximity to Tinian Island, launching place of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.^[6]

The Soka Gakkai's initial global expansion began after World War II, when some Soka Gakkai members married mostly American servicemen and moved away from Japan.^[7] Expansion efforts gained a further boost in 1960 when Ikeda succeeded Jōsei Toda as president of the Soka Gakkai.^[8]^[9] In the first year of his presidency, Ikeda visited the United States, Canada, and Brazil, and the Soka Gakkai's first American headquarters officially opened in Los Angeles in 1963.^[8]^[10]

In June 2015, the SGI-Italy was recognized by the Italian government with a special accord under Italian Constitution Article 8, acknowledging it as an a religion with an official agreement with the government of Italy and eligible to receive direct taxpayer funding for its religious and social activities. Twelve other religious denominations share this status.^[11]^[12]

Organization

The SGI is closely linked to the Soka Gakkai (the domestic Japanese organization), although both are headquartered in Tokyo.^[13] "National branches enjoy some autonomy in certain matters. However, control over SG rests in Japan and the leadership of the movement is almost exclusively Japanese", according to scholar Karel Dobbelaere.^[14] The Tokyo headquarters also disseminate doctrinal and teaching materials to national organizations.^[15]

The election or nomination of leaders is not decided by the SGI's general membership but by a board of directors.^[16] Leadership below national staff, however, has been liberalized.

Beliefs and social engagement

SGI says its members incorporate social interaction and engagement into their Buddhist practice.^[17] Monthly neighborhood discussion meetings are generally held at the homes of SGI members.^[18]

In 2008, the SGI-USA, which is headquartered in California, publicly opposed that state's Proposition 8 (which sought to prevent same-sex marriage), and coordinated with other progressive religious groups to support same-sex couples' right to legally marry.^[19]^[20]

In 2012, then-President of the Republic of China Ma Ying-jeou remarked that the Taiwan Soka Association had been recognized for its involvement the past 16 years in the general welfare of society, education and religious teaching, highlighting its disaster rescue and relief efforts in the wake of Typhoon Morakot in 2009.^[21]

Initiatives promoting peace, culture and education

The SGI defines itself as a "movement for contributing to peace, culture and education" based on its "interpretation and practical application of the ideas in the Lotus Sutra."^[22] SGI promotes its engagement on issues including human rights, sustainable development and peace building.^[23]

Nuclear disarmament

Since 2007, the SGI has collaborated with the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) to develop educational programs and raise awareness on nuclear disarmament, particularly among young people. ICAN was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize.^[24]

According to Pax Christi International, on March 28, 2017, a joint statement of Faith Communities Concerned about Nuclear Weapons, initiated by the SGI, was delivered by Pax Christi Philippines during the first UN negotiating conference for the treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons.^[25]

Environmental awareness

The SGI also promotes environmental initiatives through educational activities such as exhibitions, lectures and conferences, and more direct activities such as tree planting projects and the SGI's Amazon Ecological Conservation Center, which is administered by SGI-Brazil.^[26] The center is engaged in reforestation, the creation of a regional seed bank, and experiments in sustainable agroforestry.^[27]

Aid work

The SGI conducts humanitarian aid projects in disaster-stricken regions. After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan, local Soka Gakkai facilities became refugee shelters and distribution centers for relief supplies. Efforts also included worldwide fundraising for the victims, youth groups, and spiritual support.^[28]^[29]

In 2014, SGI-Chile members collected supplies to deliver to emergency services and refugee centers after that country's devastating Iquique earthquake.^[30]

Interfaith dialogue

In 2015, SGI-USA was part of the organizing committee that convened a day-long conference in Washington, DC of 125 Buddhist leaders to discuss Buddhism and civic activism in the United States. The conference identified climate change and the environment, education and peace and disarmament as popular priorities.^[31]

International perception

In 2015, Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi signed an agreement that recognizes the Soka Gakkai as a "Concordat" (It: "Intesa") that grants the religions status in "a special 'club' of denominations consulted by the government in certain occasions, allowed to appoint chaplains in the army – a concordat is not needed for appointing chaplains in hospitals and jails – and, perhaps more importantly, to be partially financed by taxpayers' money." Eleven other religious denominations share this status.^[11]^[12]

In 1998, the final paper of the Select (Enquete) Commission of the German Parliament on new religions and ideological communities came to the conclusion that, due to its connection to the Soka Gakkai, which is significant and controversial elsewhere, the German branch (SGI-D) is "latently problematic" even though it was inconspicuous at that time.^[32] Seiwert condemned the methodology and political intrigue surrounding this committee's work and final report and pointed out that in 1999 the new government coalition ignored the policy recommendations of the committee.^[33] Despite the fact that the majority of the commission were critics of new religious movements, the commission concluded that new religions and ideological communities presented no threat to the state or society.^[34]

References

^ Gebert, Andrew. "Soka Gakkai". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ McLaughlin, Levi (2012). Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Brill. p. 269. ISBN 978-90-04-23436-9. Today, the group has a self-declared membership of 8.27 million households in Japan and more than 1.5 million adherents in 192 countries abroad under its overseas umbrella organization Soka Gakkai International, or SGI. Recent scholarship challenges theses figures and points to a figure in the neighborhood of two percent of the Japanese population.
^ McLaughlin, Levi (2012). "Soka Gakkai in Japan". In Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Brill. pp. 269–308. ISBN 978-90-04-23436-9. Today, the group has a self-declared membership of 8.27 million households in Japan and more than 1.5 million adherents in 192 countries abroad under its overseas umbrella organization Soka Gakkai International, or SGI. Recent scholarship challenges theses figures and points to a figure in the neighborhood of two percent of the Japanese population.
^ "UN Office for Disarmament Affairs Meets Youth Representatives of Soka Gakkai Japan and of SGI-USA Engaged in Disarmament Issues". United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b N. Radhakrishnan. The Living Dialogue: Socrates to Ikeda. Gandhi Media Centre. OCLC 191031200.
^ Jaura, Ramesh. "SPECIAL REPORT: Peace Impulses from Okinawa". Global Perspectives. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Laderman, Gary (2003). Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. ABC CLIO. ISBN 9781576072387.
^ ^a ^b Ronan Alves Pereira (2008). "The transplantation of Soka Gakkai to Brazil: building "the closest organization to the heart of Ikeda-Sensei"". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.
^ Strand, Clark (Winter 2008). "Faith in Revolution". Tricycle. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Prebish, Charles (1999). Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216976.
^ ^a ^b "Religion in the Italian Constitution". Georgetown University. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Cite error: The named reference "berkley" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Istituto Buddista Italiano Soka Gakkai". Governo Italiano. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: The Global Expansion of a Japanese Buddhist Movement". Religion Compass. 7 (10): 423–432. doi:10.1111/rec3.12070.
^ Dobbelaere, Karel (1998). Soka Gakkai. Signat.
^ Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: Japanese Buddhism on a Global Scale". Virginia Review of Asian Studies.
^ "Governance Policy #3 - Leaders" (PDF).
^ Dobbelaere, Karel (2001). Soka Gakkai: From Lay Movement to Religion. Signature Books. ISBN 978-1560851530.
^ Lebron, Robyn E. (2012). Searching For Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground. CrossBooks. ISBN 978-1462712625.
^ Dart, John (July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage Rites for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
^ "Mormons urged to back ban on same sex marriage". SF Gate. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
^ "President Ma meets Japan's Soka Gakkai International Vice President Hiromasa Ikeda". Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan). 4 June 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^ Kawada, Yoichi (2009). "The SGI Within the Historical Context of Buddhism—and Its Philosophical Basis" (PDF). The Journal of Oriental Studies. 19: 103. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ "SGI Charter". Soka Gakkai International. n.d. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ "ICAN Partnered With SGI Wins 2017 Nobel Peace Prize for Work Toward Abolition of Nuclear Weapons". Lion's Roar Magazine. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Watch: Interfaith statement delivered at UN nuclear weapons negotiations". Independent Catholic News (ICN). 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
^ Dessì, Ugo (2013). "'Greening Dharma': Contemporary Japanese Buddhism and Ecology". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 7 (3): 339–40. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.v7i3.334. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^ Seager, Richard (2006), Encountering the Dharma, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 192
^ "Sendai UN Disaster Panel". Pan Orient News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ "Grassroot responses to the Tohoku earthquake of 11 March 2011" (PDF). Anthropology Today Vol. 28, June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ Blumberg, Antonia (2014-06-17). "Yes, Religion Can Still Be A Force For Good In The World. Here Are 100 Examples How". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
^ Boorstein, Michelle (2015-05-12). "A political awakening for Buddhists? 125 U.S. Buddhist leaders to meet at the White House". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
^ Endbericht der Enquete-Kommission Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen, Page.105 (PDF; 6,5 MB)|quote=Some groups have little significance nationally, they are not involved locally in any serious political controversy and/or have attracted little public censure. Nevertheless, they remain a latent problem through being linked to international organisations that are significant and controversial elsewhere. One such example came to light at the hearing of Soka Gakkai, which in Germany is a fairly inconspicuous group of about 3,000 people, but is highly significant in Japan, the United States, etc. (Translated at http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/german_enquete_commission_report.htm)
^ Seiwert, Hubert (2004). Richardson, James T. (ed.). Regulating Religion Case Studies from Around the Globe. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 85–102. ISBN 9781441990945.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Schoen, Brigitte (2004). Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9781135889012. As the commission was initiated at the request of ciritics of new religions, and as the majority of the commission's members can be counted among critics, the commission's results were all the more surprising. It concluded that at present new religions and ideological communities and psychotherapy groups presented no danger to state and society or to socially relevant areas.

External links

Official SGI websites

Official website
SGI Office for UN Affairs – SGI website on its NGO consultative work with the United Nations
People's Decade for Nuclear Abolition II – SGI website supporting the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Common Threads – SGI blog supporting a culture of peace
sgi.org/ru – Official SGI website in the Russian language

[oxford-1] Gebert, Andrew. "Soka Gakkai". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

[2] McLaughlin, Levi (2012). Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Brill. p. 269. ISBN 978-90-04-23436-9. Today, the group has a self-declared membership of 8.27 million households in Japan and more than 1.5 million adherents in 192 countries abroad under its overseas umbrella organization Soka Gakkai International, or SGI. Recent scholarship challenges theses figures and points to a figure in the neighborhood of two percent of the Japanese population.

[3] McLaughlin, Levi (2012). "Soka Gakkai in Japan". In Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Brill. pp. 269–308. ISBN 978-90-04-23436-9. Today, the group has a self-declared membership of 8.27 million households in Japan and more than 1.5 million adherents in 192 countries abroad under its overseas umbrella organization Soka Gakkai International, or SGI. Recent scholarship challenges theses figures and points to a figure in the neighborhood of two percent of the Japanese population.

[unoda-4] "UN Office for Disarmament Affairs Meets Youth Representatives of Soka Gakkai Japan and of SGI-USA Engaged in Disarmament Issues". United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

[living-dialogue-5] N. Radhakrishnan. The Living Dialogue: Socrates to Ikeda. Gandhi Media Centre. OCLC 191031200.

[global-perspectives-6] Jaura, Ramesh. "SPECIAL REPORT: Peace Impulses from Okinawa". Global Perspectives. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

[laderman-7] Laderman, Gary (2003). Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. ABC CLIO. ISBN 9781576072387.

[pereira-8] Ronan Alves Pereira (2008). "The transplantation of Soka Gakkai to Brazil: building "the closest organization to the heart of Ikeda-Sensei"". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.

[strand-9] Strand, Clark (Winter 2008). "Faith in Revolution". Tricycle. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

[prebish-10] Prebish, Charles (1999). Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216976.

[berkley-11] "Religion in the Italian Constitution". Georgetown University. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Cite error: The named reference "berkley" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[italy-12] "Istituto Buddista Italiano Soka Gakkai". Governo Italiano. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

[metraux-13] Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: The Global Expansion of a Japanese Buddhist Movement". Religion Compass. 7 (10): 423–432. doi:10.1111/rec3.12070.

[14] Dobbelaere, Karel (1998). Soka Gakkai. Signat.

[metraux2-15] Métraux, Daniel (2013). "Soka Gakkai International: Japanese Buddhism on a Global Scale". Virginia Review of Asian Studies.

[16] "Governance Policy #3 - Leaders" (PDF).

[dobbelaere-17] Dobbelaere, Karel (2001). Soka Gakkai: From Lay Movement to Religion. Signature Books. ISBN 978-1560851530.

[lebron-18] Lebron, Robyn E. (2012). Searching For Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground. CrossBooks. ISBN 978-1462712625.

[19] Dart, John (July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage Rites for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 January 2016.

[20] "Mormons urged to back ban on same sex marriage". SF Gate. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 21 January 2016.

[21] "President Ma meets Japan's Soka Gakkai International Vice President Hiromasa Ikeda". Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan). 4 June 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[22] Kawada, Yoichi (2009). "The SGI Within the Historical Context of Buddhism—and Its Philosophical Basis" (PDF). The Journal of Oriental Studies. 19: 103. Retrieved April 26, 2017.

[23] "SGI Charter". Soka Gakkai International. n.d. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[ICAN-24] "ICAN Partnered With SGI Wins 2017 Nobel Peace Prize for Work Toward Abolition of Nuclear Weapons". Lion's Roar Magazine. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 28 December 2017.

[25] "Watch: Interfaith statement delivered at UN nuclear weapons negotiations". Independent Catholic News (ICN). 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-30.

[26] Dessì, Ugo (2013). "'Greening Dharma': Contemporary Japanese Buddhism and Ecology". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 7 (3): 339–40. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.v7i3.334. Retrieved March 2, 2016.

[27] Seager, Richard (2006), Encountering the Dharma, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 192

[28] "Sendai UN Disaster Panel". Pan Orient News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

[29] "Grassroot responses to the Tohoku earthquake of 11 March 2011" (PDF). Anthropology Today Vol. 28, June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

[30] Blumberg, Antonia (2014-06-17). "Yes, Religion Can Still Be A Force For Good In The World. Here Are 100 Examples How". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

[31] Boorstein, Michelle (2015-05-12). "A political awakening for Buddhists? 125 U.S. Buddhist leaders to meet at the White House". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-17.

[32] Endbericht der Enquete-Kommission Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen, Page.105 (PDF; 6,5 MB)|quote=Some groups have little significance nationally, they are not involved locally in any serious political controversy and/or have attracted little public censure. Nevertheless, they remain a latent problem through being linked to international organisations that are significant and controversial elsewhere. One such example came to light at the hearing of Soka Gakkai, which in Germany is a fairly inconspicuous group of about 3,000 people, but is highly significant in Japan, the United States, etc. (Translated at http://www.csj.org/infoserv_articles/german_enquete_commission_report.htm)

[33] Seiwert, Hubert (2004). Richardson, James T. (ed.). Regulating Religion Case Studies from Around the Globe. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 85–102. ISBN 9781441990945.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[34] Schoen, Brigitte (2004). Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9781135889012. As the commission was initiated at the request of ciritics of new religions, and as the majority of the commission's members can be counted among critics, the commission's results were all the more surprising. It concluded that at present new religions and ideological communities and psychotherapy groups presented no danger to state and society or to socially relevant areas.

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Soka Gakkai International

History

Organization

Beliefs and social engagement

Initiatives promoting peace, culture and education

Nuclear disarmament

Environmental awareness

Aid work

Interfaith dialogue

International perception

References

Further reading

External links

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