Extremaduran language

Extremaduran
Extremaduran
estremeñu
Native to	Spain
Region	Extremadura; Castile and León (southern Salamanca province)
Ethnicity	Extremadurans: 1.1 million (1994)
Native speakers	(200,000 cited 1994)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Iberian Ibero-Romance West Iberian Asturleonese or Castilian Extremaduran; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Old Spanish/Old Leonese (possibly) ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ext
Glottolog	extr1243
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An Extremaduran speaker, recorded in the Netherlands.

Extremaduran (Extremaduran: estremeñu [ehtːɾeˈmeɲʊ], Spanish: extremeño) is a group of vernacular Romance dialects, related to the Asturleonese language, spoken in Extremadura and adjoining areas in the province of Salamanca.^[1]^[2] It is difficult to establish the exact boundary between Extremaduran and the Spanish varieties spoken in most of Extremadura.

Dialects

The linguistic varieties of Extremadura are usually classified in three main branches: Northern or "High" (artu estremeñu), Central or "Middle" (meyu estremeñu), and Southern or "Low" (baju estremeñu).^[2] The northern branch is usually considered to be the language proper,^[3] and is spoken in the north-west of the autonomous region of Extremadura, and the south-west of Salamanca, a province of the autonomous region of Castile and León. The central and southern branches are spoken in the rest of Extremadura, and are not different enough from standard Spanish to be considered anything but dialects of the language, since at least the 18th century.

Northern Extremaduran is also spoken in a few villages of southern Salamanca, being known there as the "palra d'El Rebollal", which is now almost extinct.

History

The late 19th century saw the first serious attempt to write in Extremaduran, until then an oral language,^[4] with the poet José María Gabriel y Galán. Born in Salamanca, he lived most of his life in the north of Cáceres, Extremadura. He wrote in a local variant of Extremaduran, full of dialectal remains, but always with an eye on Spanish usage.

After that, localisms are the pattern in the attempts to defend the Extremaduran language to the extent that today only a few people are trying to revive the language and make northern Extremadura a bilingual region,^[5] whereas the government and official institutions seem to think the best solution is for northwestern Extremadurans to speak a Castilian dialect without any kind of protection.^[6]

There are also attempts to transform the southern Castilian dialects ("castúo", as some people named them using the word which appeared in Luis Chamizo Trigueros's poems) into a language, which makes it even harder to defend High Extremaduran, considered more frequently a "real" language and makes it easier for the administration to reject co-officiality and the normalisation of Extremaduran.^[7] It is in serious danger of extinction, with only the oldest people speaking it at present, while most of the Extremaduran population cannot speak the language, since the majority of Extremadurans, and even its own speakers, regard it as poorly spoken Spanish.^[8]

In 2013, the people of Serradilla created the first feature film in Extremaduran, Territoriu de bandolerus.^[9]

Phonology

Features related to Astur-Leonese:
- Post-tonic o becomes u, e.g. oru [ˈoɾu] 'gold'.
- Post-tonic e becomes i, e.g. calli [ˈkaʎi] or [ˈkaʝi] 'street'.
- Latin word-final e, chiefly after d, is not lost, e.g. redi [ˈreði] 'net'.
- Some cases of palatalization of word-initial n, e.g. ñíu [ˈɲiu] 'nest'.
- Conservation of the consonantic group mb in intermediate position, e.g. lambel [lamˈbel] 'to lick'.
- Frequent conservation of word-initial [h] derived from a Latin f-. This consonant is lost in most Spanish varieties, but is common with much of Andalusia, e.g. higu [ˈhiɣu] 'fig'.
- Occasional conservation of word-initial f, e.g. fogal [foˈɣal] 'home, hearth'.
Features related to southern peninsular Spanish:
- General loss of intervocalic d, e.g. mieu [ˈmjeu] 'fear'.
- Debuccalization of post-vocalic /s/, /ks/ and /θ/ into [h] (s-aspiration), e.g. estal [ɛhtˈtal] 'to be'.
Other features:
- Infinitives in -l, e.g. dil [ˈdil] 'to go'.
- Metathesis of the consonant cluster rl into lr, e.g. chalral [tʃalˈral] 'to talk'.
- Occasional interchange of the liquid consonants l/r, e.g. craru [ˈkɾaɾu] 'clear'.^[10]
- Preservation of some old voiced fricatives, such as some instances of [ð] corresponding to [z] in Portuguese or [θ] corresponding to [s] in Portuguese (both corresponding to /θ/ in Spanish). This feature is an archaism preserved from Old Spanish or Old Astur-Leonese, as it happens only when it is etymologically justified. When a voiced fricative appears, one also does in languages such as Catalan or Portuguese: Extremaduran tristeza [tɾihtˈteða] 'sadness' (still voiced in Portuguese tristeza [tɾiʃˈtezɐ], voice lost in Spanish tristeza [tɾisˈteθa]), but Extremaduran cabeça [kaˈβeθa] 'head' (voiceless also in Portuguese cabeça [kɐˈβesɐ], Spanish cabeza [kaˈβeθa]). The feature is dying out quite fast but is found all over the High Extremaduran speaking area.

Morphology

Anteposition of the article before the possessive pronoun, as in Old Spanish or in many Romance languages such as Leonese, Portuguese, Catalan or Italian.
Anteposition of the particle lu (or lo), in some interrogative sentences.
Use of diminutives inu and ina, as heritage from Leonese (as in Portuguese).
Occasional formation of gerund, derived from a form of the verb in past tense.
Usage of a vocative-exclamative case. When nouns are in the vocative, the closing of post-tonic vowels (e into i and o into u) disappears and those vowels open. El Ramiru quíi venil (Ramiro wants to come), but Ramiro, ven pacá (Ramiro, come here!). Sé quién lo vidu, Pepi (I know who saw it, Pepe did), but Sé quién lo vidu, Pepe (I know who saw it, Pepe). This is a characteristic shared with the Fala language. Extremaduran and the Fala language are actually the only western Romance languages with a distinct form of vocative case for nouns formed with a change in the ending.
Usage of the preposition a with the verbs andal and estal indicating static temporal location, contrasting with the usage of en. Está a Caçris "He's in Cáceres (for a few days)", Está en Caçris "He's in Cáceres", Está pa Caçris "He's around Cáceres".
A very frequent usage of deictic forms to which enclitic pronouns can be added at the end. They can be used in the middle of a sentence: Velaquí la mi casa (Here is my house), velallilu (there he is), Paquí se curtivan velaquí lechugas, millu... (Look, lettuce, corn and so on is grown here).
Usage of reduplicated forms of plural pronouns with a reciprocal sense (ellus y ellus, vujotrus y vujotrus...): Estaban brucheandu ellus y ellus: They were wrestling with each other.

Vocabulary

Usage of terms considered in Spanish as archaisms: ludia (Spanish levadura, "yeast").
Presence of common terms from Andalusian Arabic: zagal (from Andalusian Arabic zaḡál, "boy").

Comparative tables

Latin	Italian	Romanian	Catalan	Gascon	Spanish	Judezmo	Portuguese	Galician	Andalusian	Extremaduran	Leonese	English
altus	alto	(în)alt	alt	haut	alto	alto	alto	alto	arto	artu ^[10]	altu	high/tall
quasi	quasi	(aproape)	quasi	quasi	casi	kaji	quase	case	caçi	cuasi, abati	cuasi	almost
dicere	dire	zice	dir	díser	decir [deˈθir]	dizir	dizer	dicir	deçîh	izil [iˈðil]	dicire	to say
facere	fare	face	fer	har	hacer [aˈθer]	(f)azer	fazer	facer	haçêh	hazel [haˈðel]	facere	to do
focus	fuoco	foc	foc	huec	fuego	fuego,huego	fogo	fogo	fuego	hueu	fueu	fire
flamma	fiamma	(flamă)	flama	ehlama	llama	yama	chama	chama	yama/flama	flama	chama	flame
legere	leggere	(citi)	llegir	léger	leer	meldar	ler	ler	leêh	leel	lliere	to read
lingua	lingua	limbă	llengua	lengua	lengua	elguenga	língua	lingua	lengua	luenga/léngua	llingua	tongue
lumbum	lombo	((zona) lombară)	llom	lom	lomo	lombo	lombo	lombo	lomo	lombu	llombu	loin
mater	madre	(mamă)	mare	mair	madre	madre	mãe	nai	mae	mairi	mai	mother
merula	merlo	mierlă	merla	mèrlo	mirlo		melro	merlo	mîl-lo	mielru	mielru	blackbird
monstrare	mostrare	mustra	mostrar	muishar	mostrar	amostrar	mostrar	mostrar	môttrâh	muestral	amuesare	to show
noster	nostro	nostru	nostre	noste	nuestro	muestro,muesho	nosso	noso	muêttro/nuêttro	muestru/nuestru	nuesu	ours
tussis	tosse	tuse	tos	tos	tos	toz	tosse	tose	tôh	tossi	tose	cough

* The words in this table refer only to High Extremaduran.

** Extremaduran words in this table are spelled according to Ismael Carmona García's orthography.

Organizations

There is a regional organization in Extremadura, OSCEC Estremaúra,^[11] that tries to defend the language, one journal (Belsana) and one cultural newspaper, Iventia,^[12] written in the new unified Extremaduran and the old dialect "palra d'El Rebollal".^{[citation needed]}

Textual example

Portuguese	Galician	Leonese	Asturian	Extremaduran	Spanish	Ladino	English
O estremenho é uma língua falada no noroeste da comunidade autónoma da Estremadura.	O estremeño é unha lingua falada no noroeste da comunidade autónoma de Estremadura.	L'estremennu yía una llingua falada nel noruesti la comunidá autónoma Estremadura.	L'estremeñu ye una llingua falada nel noroeste de la comunidá autónoma d'Estremadura.	El estremeñu es una luenga palrá nel noroesti de la comuniá autónoma d'Estremaúra.	El extremeño es una lengua hablada en el noroeste de la comunidad autónoma de Extremadura.	El ekstremadurano es una lingua favlada en el noroeste d'la komunitate autonoma d'Ekstremadura.	Extremaduran is a language spoken in the northwest of the autonomous community of Extremadura.

Writers

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Extremaduran at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b "Extremeño" [Extremaduran]. proel.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
^ "Acerca de Hispania" [About Hispania]. espanolsinfronteras.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
^ "[Congress about the Extremaduran language]" (PDF). paseovirtual.iespana.es.^{[dead link]}
^ Gutierro Rodriguez, Bienvenido (17 March 2008). "En defensa del habla extremeña" [In defense of the Extremaduran speech]. Hoy (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
^ Viudas Camarasa, Antonio (2008). "Agenda de APLEX" [APLEX Agenda] (Interview) (in Spanish). Interviewed by Concha Llamazares. APLEX. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
^ González Salgado, José Antonio (2003). "La conciencia lingüística de los hablantes extremeños" [The linguistic awareness of Extremadura speakers]. In C. Alemany Bay (ed.). Actas del Congreso Internacional "La lengua, la Academia, lo popular, los clásicos, los contemporáneos..." (in Spanish). Vol. 2. pp. 725–735. ISBN 84-7908-731-5 – via Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
^ Real Antón, Jose María (18 June 2007). "Primer Congreso sobre el habla de Extremadura" [First Congress on the speech of Extremadura]. Serradilla.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
^ World premiere of the movie ' Territorial of Bandolerus ' Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b Ismael Carmona García's dictionary 2005 Izionariu castellanu-estremeñu
^ see "OSCEC Estremaúra". Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
^ see "Inventia". Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2006.