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Talian dialect

Not to be confused with Talion law (lex talionis).
Talian
taliàn
Native toBrazil[1] (co-official language in Serafina Corrêa and Flores da Cunha)
Native speakers
(undated figure of 500,000[citation needed])
Latin
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologtali1266
IETFvec-BR

Talian (Venetian: [taˈljaŋ], Portuguese: [tɐliˈɐ̃]), or Brazilian Venetian,[2] is an Italian dialect from the Veneto region (not to be confused with Venetian language), spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It is also spoken in other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as in parts of Espirito Santo[3][4][5][6][7] and of Santa Catarina.[8]

Talian is mainly a mix of Italian dialects from the Veneto region, influenced by local Portuguese.[9][10][11]

History

Italian settlers first began arriving into these regions in a wave of immigration lasting from approximately 1875 to 1914.[12][13] These settlers were mainly from Veneto, a region in Northern Italy, where Venetian was spoken, but also from Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.[12][13] In the south of Brazil these immigrants settled as smallholders in the region of Encosta da Serra. There they created three settlements: Conde D'Eu (now, Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul), Dona Isabel (now Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul), and Campo dos Bugres (now Caxias do Sul).[14] As more people arrived, the Italian settlement expanded beyond these localities.[14] Approximately 100,000 immigrants from Northern Italy arrived between 1875 and 1910. As time went by, a uniquely southern Brazilian dialect emerged. Veneto became the basis for Italian-Brazilian regionalism.

Talian has been very much influenced not only by other Italian languages but also Portuguese, the national language of Brazil; this can be seen in the employment of numerous non-Venetian loanwords. It has been estimated that there have been 130 books published in Talian, including works of both poetry and prose.[15]

Similar to Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (hunsriqueano riograndense), the main German dialect spoken by southern Brazilians of German origin, Talian has suffered great deprecation since the 1940s. At that time, president Getúlio Vargas started the so-called Nationalization Campaign to force non-Portuguese speakers of Brazil to "better integrate" into the national mainstream culture. Speaking Talian or German in public, especially in education and press, was forbidden.[16][17]

Vocabulary

Sample words in Talian[18]
Talian Standard Italian English Venetian
mi io I/me mi
ti / te tu you (singular) ti
lu / el / elo lui he eło
noaltri / noantri noi we noialtri / noialtre
voaltri / valtri / voalti voi you (plural) voialtri / voialtre
lori loro they łuri / łore
bambin / putel / fantolin bambino child putel
fòja / fógia foglia leaf foja / fogia
côa / coda coda tail cóa / coda
cavel / cavegio / caigio capello hair cavel / caveło / cavéjo
recia orecchia ear recia
sufiar / supiare soffiare to blow sufiar / sbufar
tajar / taiar tagliare to cut tajar
pióva pioggia rain piova
brasilian / brasiliero brasiliano Brazilian brasilian

Sample text:

The Lord's Prayer in Talian [19]
Talian English Venetian
Pupà nostro che stai nel cielo, Our father which art in heaven, Pare Nostro che te si nei ciei
Santificà sìa el tuo nome, Hallowed be thy name, Sia santificà el to nome;
Vegna a noantri el vostro regno, Thy kingdom come, Vegna el to regno
Sia fata la tua volontà, Thy will be done, Sia fata ła to vołontà
Coss'in tera come nel cielo. on earth, as it is in heaven. In tera così come in ciel.
Dai a noantri el pan de cada giorno, Give us this day our daily bread, Dane anquo el nostro pan quotidiano,
Perdona i nostri pecati, And forgive us our debts, Rimeti a noialtri i nostri debiti,
Come noantri perdonemo a quei che noi ga ofendesto As we forgive our debtors Come noialtri i rimetemo ai nostri debitori
E non assar che caschemo in tentassion, And lead us not into temptation, E non sta portarne in tentasion,
Ma liberta noantri de tuto el mal. Amem. But deliver us from evil. Amen. Ma liberane dal maigno. Amen.

Current status

Municipalities where Talian is co-official in Rio Grande do Sul.

Talian has historically been spoken mainly in the southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, as well as in Espirito Santo.[3][4][5][6][7] Nowadays, there are approximately 3 million people of Italian ancestry in Rio Grande do Sul, about 30% of the local population,[14] and approximately 1.7 million people in Espirito Santo, which accounts for 65% of the local population.[20] According to some estimates, there are up to one million Italian descendants; Ethnologue reported 4,000,000 Italian descendants in the year 2006,[21] but these numbers do not reflect absolutely the number of Talian speakers. During the "Estado Novo" period of the government of Getúlio Vargas, the use of Talian was declared illegal.[22] As a result of the traumas of Vargas' policies, there is, even to this day, a stigma attached to speaking these languages.

In 2009, the legislative assemblies of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina approved laws declaring the Talian dialect to be an integral part of the historical heritage of their respective states.[14][23][24] In 2009, the city of Serafina Corrêa, in Rio Grande do Sul, elected Talian as co-official language, alongside Portuguese.[25][26] Finally, in 2014 Talian was declared to be part of the cultural heritage of Brazil (Língua e referência cultural brasileira) by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage.

In 2015 Serafina Corrêa received the title of national capital of Talian.[27] In 2019 Nova Erechim was recognized as the capital of Talian in Santa Catarina.[28] In 2021, Governor Ratinho Júnior sanctioned state law 20,757, which makes the municipality of Colombo the capital of Talian in Paraná.[29][30][31]

Newspapers in the Talian-speaking region feature articles written in the language. There are some radio programs broadcast in Talian.[15]

Municipalities in Brazil that have co-official Talian language

Brazilian states with Talian as linguistic heritage officially approved statewide

See also

References

  1. ^ Tonial, Honório (26 June 2009). "Subsídios para o reconhecimento do Talian" [Subsidies for the recognition of Talian]. Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (IPOL) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  2. ^ "Lingua portoghese e cultura brasiliana" [Portuguese language and Brazilian culture]. guide.supereva.it (in Italian).
  3. ^ a b "Talian Brasil – Intervista con casal Benjamim Falqueto – Venda Nova del Imigrante – ES". Archived from the original on 2014-12-01.
  4. ^ a b "I dessendenti taliani che parla el talian Venda Nova do Imigrante – Espírito Santo – Brasil". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  5. ^ a b "Chico Zandonadi, Radialista del talian – Ràdio FMZ, Venda Nova do Imigrante – ES". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  6. ^ a b "Dialeto falado por imigrantes italianos é reconhecido como patrimônio nacional".
  7. ^ a b "Brasil Talian documentado em filme".
  8. ^ Andreola, Alice (2015). Being Italian in Brazil – cultural maintenance after the 1880–1920 immigration wave (PDF) (Master's thesis). Universität Bielefeld. p. 18.
  9. ^ Guzzo, Natália Brambatti (2023). "Brazilian Veneto (Talian)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3): 1167–1181. doi:10.1017/S002510032200010X. ISSN 0025-1003.
  10. ^ Guzzo, Natália Brambatti; Garcia, Guilherme Duarte (2023). "A corpus-based approach to map target vowel asymmetry in Brazilian Veneto metaphony". Italian Journal of Linguistics. 35 (1): 115–138.
  11. ^ Guzzo, Natália Brambatti; Garcia, Guilherme Duarte (2020). "Phonological Variation and Prosodic Representation: Clitics in Portuguese-Veneto Contact". Journal of Language Contact. 13 (2): 389–427. doi:10.1163/19552629-bja10021. hdl:20.500.11794/107943. ISSN 1955-2629.
  12. ^ a b "Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile". Sitoveneto. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  13. ^ a b Franceschetto, Cilmar (June 2001). "Espirito Santo, lo stato piu' veneto del Brasile" [Espirito Santo, the most Venetian state in Brazil]. Veneti nel Mondo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2004-03-16.
  14. ^ a b c d Losekann, Silvana (June 13, 2009). "Sancionada lei que declara o Talian dialeto integrante do patrimônio do RS". Defender – Defesa Civil do Patrimônio Histórico. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  15. ^ a b Alves, Ozias (2013). Parlons Talian: Dialecte vénitien du Brésil. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-01576-7.
  16. ^ Gilvan Müller de Oliveira (2009). "Plurilinguismo no Brasil: repressão e resistência lingüística" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  17. ^ "A luta para salvar os dialetos europeus no Brasil". 2019-10-17. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  18. ^ Pozenato, José Clemente (coord.). Relatório final do projeto-piloto Inventário do Talian. Instituto Vêneto - Associação Cultural Educacional Novo Vêneto / Universidade de Caxias do Sul, 2010
  19. ^ "Pupà nostro - Pai nosso em Talian (vìdio)". Brasil Talian, mar/2017
  20. ^ "Estatísticas ítalo-brasileiras". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  21. ^ Venetian at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
  22. ^ Bolson, Bibiana (2014-11-20). "Dialeto de imigrantes italianos se torna patrimônio brasileiro" [Italian immigrants' dialect becomes Brazilian patrimony]. Jornal Hoje (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  23. ^ Law No. 13.178 Archived 2021-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, of 10 June 2009. "Declaring the Talian dialect as historical and cultural patrimony of the State, originating from Italians and descendants living in Rio Grande do Sul". DOE No. 109, of 12 June 2009
  24. ^ Law No. 14.951 Archived 2018-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, of 11 November 2009. "Declaring the Talian dialect as historical and cultural patrimony of the State, originating from Italians and descendants living in Santa Catarina". DO No. 18.728, of 11 November 2009
  25. ^ a b "Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  26. ^ "Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  27. ^ Talian em Serafina Corrêa, breve histórico, Município de Serafina Corrêa
  28. ^ Lei Nº 17.778, de 25 de setembro de 2019, Reconhece o Município de Nova Erechim como a Capital Catarinense do Talian (vêneto brasileiro)
  29. ^ Lei Ordinária Nº 20757, de 4 de novembro de 2021
  30. ^ Governador sanciona Lei que torna Colombo a Capital do Talian no Paraná, Jornal de Colombo
  31. ^ Ratinho Júnior sanciona lei que torna Colombo Capital do Talian no Paraná, Grupo Paraná Comunicação
  32. ^ "Câmara Municipal de Vereadores de Antônio Prado". 2019-04-18. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  33. ^ Machado, Felipe. "Aprovado em primeira votação, projeto que torna o Talian, segunda língua oficial de Bento" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  34. ^ Machado, Felipe. "Co-oficialização do Talian é aprovada pela Câmara de Bento" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  35. ^ "Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial". Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  36. ^ a b c d Línguas cooficializadas nos municípios brasileiros, Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (IPOL)
  37. ^ Projeto de Lei Legislativo Nº 0003/2023 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua talian no Município de Capinzal/SC
  38. ^ "Lei Municipal Nº 3.049, de 16 de março de 2022 - Dispõe sobre a Cooficialização da Língua Talian e do Polonês no Município de Casca - RS". Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  39. ^ "Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  40. ^ Lei Municipal N. 2.998/2023, de 18 de maio de 2023, Município de Cotiporã
  41. ^ "Município de Fagundes Varela - A Cidade - Talian". 2019-04-18. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  42. ^ Talian é reconhecido como a segunda língua oficial de Farroupilha
  43. ^ Vereadores cooficializam o Talian como língua do município
  44. ^ Projeto 016/2022 – Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua “talian” a língua portuguesa no município de Farroupilha
  45. ^ Projeto de Lei 016/2022, Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua talian à língua portuguesa no Município de Farroupilha
  46. ^ "Talian pode ser língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". Archived from the original on 2016-06-15. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  47. ^ "Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  48. ^ "Flores da Cunha (RS) – Projeto pretende instituir o "Talian" como língua co oficial no Município". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  49. ^ Projeto de Lei do Legislativo nº 0015/2022 and Relatório de votações do Projeto de Lei do Legislativo nº 0015/2022, Câmara de Vereadores de Garibaldi, accessed on September 11, 2022
  50. ^ "Lei Nº 5.568, de 06 de setembro de 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  51. ^ Lei Nº 1.868, de 17 de dezembro de 2020 Archived 2021-03-07 at the Wayback Machine - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização das línguas talian e hunsrückisch no município de Ipumirim - SC.
  52. ^ Lei Nº 6.140, de 26 de junho de 2023 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua "talian" à língua portuguesa no Município de Marau, Leis Municipais
  53. ^ Câmara aprova projeto que cooficializa língua Talian em Nova Bassano
  54. ^ "Nova Erechim cooficializa o talian | Talian Brasil". 2016-01-14. Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  55. ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 – Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
  56. ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
  57. ^ Vereadores aprovam Projeto de Lei que cooficializa as línguas Talian (Italiana) e Hunsrückisch (Alemã) em Ouro
  58. ^ Projeto de Lei Legislativo Nº 0001/2022
  59. ^ "Talian: protagonismo na luta pelo reconhecimento cultural e fortalecimento pela lei de cooficialização | IPOL". 2019-05-08. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  60. ^ Lei Nº 414, de 20 de dezembro de 2019 Archived 2022-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, Dispõe Sobre a Cooficialização da Língua Talian, à Língua Portuguesa, no Município de Pinto Bandeira
  61. ^ "Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  62. ^ O Município de União da Serra passa a ter como língua co-oficial o Talian!, Prefeitura Municipal de União da Serra
  63. ^ LEI Nº 1.555/2022, Leis Municipais
  64. ^ Institui o "Talian" - Vêneto Brasileiro como a Segunda Língua Oficial do município de Vila Flores, Câmara Municipal de Vila Flores
  65. ^ Com talian como idioma co-oficial: Vila Flores, na Serra, se torna um município bilíngue
  66. ^ Vila Flores torna-se um município bilíngue
  67. ^ Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on 21 August 2011
  68. ^ "LEI-014951". server03.pge.sc.gov.br. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  69. ^ "Palavras livres: Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana". cacador.net (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  70. ^ "Untitled Document". archive.ph. 2012-07-30. Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2022-02-27.

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Music fusion genre Folk metalStylistic origins Heavy metal folk world Cultural originsEarly 1990s, EuropeDerivative forms Viking metal Pagan metal Pirate metal Oriental metal Subgenres Celtic metal medieval metal Other topics Folk punk Latin metal list of folk metal bands Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing …

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