シブリーとアールキストの『シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類』Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) は、鳥類の分類における画期的な業績である[52]。この分類は、かつては目の位置づけが正確であることを示唆する証拠が多いと考えられていたが[53]、2000年代後半に明らかになった分子系統により、いくつかの目分類は大幅な修正を受けた。
鳥類の生活と繁殖は、ほとんどの陸上生息地で営まれており、これらは7大陸すべてで見ることができる。その南限はユキドリの繁殖地で、南極大陸の内陸 440 km (300 mi)におよぶ[65]。最も高い鳥類の多様性は熱帯地方で起こっている。以前には、この高い多様性は熱帯でのより高い種分化の変化率によるものと考えられていたが、近年の研究では、高緯度地方の高い種分化の比率が、熱帯よりも大きい絶滅率によって、相殺されていることがわかった[66]。鳥類のさまざまな科が、世界中の海洋での生活にも適応しており、たとえば、ある種の海鳥は繁殖のときにだけ上陸し[67]、また、あるペンギン類は 300 m (1,000 ft)以上潜水した記録を持ち[68]、ときに500 m (1,600 ft)以上潜水して採餌するとされる[69]。
たくさんの種の鳥類が、季節ごとの気温の地域差を利用するために渡りをおこない、これによって食料供給や繁殖地の確保の最適化を図っている。これらの渡りの行動は、それぞれのグループによって異なっている。通常、天候条件とともに日長の変化をきっかけとして、多くの陸鳥、海鳥、渉禽類および水鳥が毎年、長距離の渡りに乗り出して行く。これらの鳥類を特徴づけているのは、かれらが繁殖期を温暖な地域、ないしは北極または南極の極地方で過ごし、そうでない時期を熱帯地方か、あるいは反対の半球で過ごすことである。渡りに先立って、鳥たちは体脂肪と栄養の蓄積を大幅に増やし、また一部の体組織の大きさを縮小させる[85][177]。渡りは、特に食料補給なしに砂漠や大洋を横断する必要がある鳥たちにとって、多くのエネルギーを必要とする。陸棲の小鳥はおよそ2,500 km (1,600 mi) 前後の飛翔持続距離を持ち、シギ・チドリ類は4,000 km (2,500 mi)を飛ぶことができるとされ[178]、オオソリハシシギは11,000 km (6,800 mi)の距離を飛び続ける能力がある[179][180][181]。海鳥も長距離の渡りを行い、なかでも最も長距離の周期的な渡りを行うのがハイイロミズナギドリである。かれらはニュージーランドやチリで営巣し、日本やアラスカ、カリフォルニア沖の北太平洋で、餌を採って北半球の夏を過ごす。この季節的な周回移動は、総距離 64,000 km (39,800 mi) にもおよぶ[182][183]。このほかの海鳥では、繁殖期が過ぎると分散して広い範囲を移動するが、渡りのルートを持たない。南極海で営巣するアホウドリは、繁殖期と繁殖期の間に、しばしば極周回の移動を行っている[184]。
鳥類が、膨大な距離を超えて、正確な位置に戻ってくる能力を持っていることは以前から知られていた。1950年代に行われた実験では、ボストンで放されたマンクスミズナギドリは、13日後に5,150 km (3,200 mi) の距離を越えて、ウェールズ州スコーマー島(英語版)にあったもとの集団繁殖地(コロニー)に帰還した[190]。鳥は渡りの間、さまざまな方法を使って航行している。昼行性の渡り鳥の場合、日中の航行には太陽が用いられ、夜間は恒星がコンパスとして使用される。太陽を用いる鳥は、体内時計を利用して日中の太陽の移動を補正している[191]。恒星によるコンパスでは、その方向は、北極星を取り囲む星座の位置に依存している[192]。ある種の鳥たちは特殊な光受容体による地球の地磁気を検知する能力によってこれらの航法をバックアップしている[193]。
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Yadava College – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Yadava CollegeMottoKnowledge is wealthTypeAutonomous co-educational collegeEstablished1969FounderShri. E. RengasamyShri. GovindarajanShri. D. N…
La République du Croissant est une expression qui désigne, dès la fin du XIXe siècle, le quartier de la presse à Paris, situé entre Réaumur et Opéra, où sont réunis la plupart des grands journaux[1]. Histoire Panneau Histoire de Paris « La Presse » Le centre de ce quartier est l'intersection entre la rue du Croissant et la rue Montmartre, dans le 2e arrondissement de Paris, où se situe le café du Croissant, où a lieu le 31 juillet 1914 l'assassinat de Jean Jaur…
Australian Army officer and Governor of Tasmania (1928–2023) For other people named Phillip Bennett, see Phillip Bennett (disambiguation). GeneralSir Phillip BennettAC, KBE, DSOBennett in 199223rd Governor of TasmaniaIn office19 October 1987 – 2 October 1995MonarchElizabeth IIPremierRobin Gray Michael Field Ray GroomPreceded bySir James PlimsollSucceeded bySir Guy Green Personal detailsBorn(1928-12-27)27 December 1928Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDied1 Augus…
Voce principale: Parma Football Club. Parma Football ClubStagione 2012-2013Sport calcio Squadra Parma Allenatore Roberto Donadoni All. in seconda Luca Gotti Presidente Tommaso Ghirardi Serie A10º posto Coppa ItaliaOttavi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Parolo (36)Totale: Parolo (37) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Amauri (9)Totale: Amauri (9) StadioStadio Ennio Tardini Abbonati10.546 (11ª in Serie A) Maggior numero di spettatori19.073 vs Juventus (13 gennaio 2013) Minor numero di spet…
2008 book by Niall Stanage Redemption Song: An Irish Reporter Inside the Obama Campaign First editionAuthorNiall StanageCountryIrelandLanguageEnglishSubjectBarack Obama, 2008 U.S. presidential electionGenreNonfictionPublisherLiberties PressPublication dateDecember 1, 2008Media typePaperbackPages272ISBN1-905483-57-0OCLC297145509Dewey Decimal973.932092 22LC ClassE906 .S73 2008 Redemption Song: An Irish Reporter Inside the Obama Campaign, is a book by Niall Stanage about the 2008 presiden…
Inlet on the coast of British Columbia, Canada Saanich InletFrench: Baie SaanichSaanich Inlet from Gowlland Tod Provincial ParkSaanich InletLocationNorthwest of Victoria, British ColumbiaCoordinates48°37′33″N 123°30′26″W / 48.62583°N 123.50722°W / 48.62583; -123.50722 (Saanich Inlet)TypeFjordRiver sourcesGoldstream RiverBasin countries CanadaMax. length25 km (16 mi)Surface area67 km2 (26 sq mi)Max. depth226 m (74…
U.S. federal law The Credit Rating Agency Reform Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–291 (text) (PDF)) is a United States federal law whose goal is to improve ratings quality for the protection of investors and in the public interest by fostering accountability, transparency, and competition in the credit rating agency industry.[1] Enacted after being signed by President Bush on September 29, 2006,[1][2] it amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934…
For other uses, see Navbahor (disambiguation). Jamoat in Khatlon, TajikistanNavbahorJamoatNavbahorCoordinates: 37°44′N 68°46′E / 37.733°N 68.767°E / 37.733; 68.767Country TajikistanRegionKhatlonDistrictKushoniyon DistrictPopulation (2015) • Total18,281Time zoneUTC+5 (TJT) Navbahor (Tajik: Навбаҳор, Persian: نوبهار) is a jamoat in Tajikistan. It is located in Kushoniyon District in Khatlon Region. The jamoat has a total populatio…
Motor vehicle Chevrolet AdraChevrolet Adra on display in 12th Auto Expo 2014 in Greater Noida, India.OverviewTypeCompact SUVManufacturerChevrolet (General Motors)Production2015Model years2015DesignerGM IndiaBody and chassisClassSubcompact SUVBody style5 doorLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive layoutRelatedChevrolet TraxChevrolet Trax (concept)PowertrainEngine1,300 cm3 (79.33 cu in) MultiJet (diesel)DimensionsWheelbase2525 mmLength3.800m The Chevrolet Adra is a concept s…
Ancient Greek temple of necromancy The Nekromanteion (Greek: Νεκρομαντεῖον) was an ancient Greek temple of necromancy devoted to Hades and Persephone. According to tradition, it was located on the banks of the Acheron river in Epirus, near the ancient city of Ephyra. This site was believed by devotees to be the door to Hades, the realm of the dead. The site is at the meeting point of the Acheron, Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus rivers, believed to flow through and water the kingdom of H…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Souillac (homonymie). Souillac Vue générale. Blason Administration Pays France Région Occitanie Département Lot Arrondissement Gourdon Intercommunalité Communauté de communes Causses et Vallée de la Dordogne(siège) Maire Mandat Gilles Liébus (LREM) 2020-2026 Code postal 46200 Code commune 46309 Démographie Gentilé Souillagais Populationmunicipale 3 198 hab. (2021 ) Densité 123 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 44° 54′ 02…