Described as a "Walking Book of Knowledge" by William F. Buckley Jr., Kuehnelt-Leddihn had an encyclopedic knowledge of humanities and was a polyglot, able to speak eight languages and read seventeen others.[4] His early books The Menace of the Herd (1943) and Liberty or Equality (1952) were influential within the American conservative movement. An associate of Buckley Jr., his best-known writings appeared in National Review, where he was a columnist for 35 years.
In a 1939 letter to the editor of The New York Times, Kuehnelt-Leddihn critiqued the design of every American coin then in circulation except for the Washington quarter, which he allowed was "so far the most satisfactory coin" and judged the Mercury dime to be "the most deplorable."[5]
After publishing books like Jesuiten, Spießer und Bolschewiken in 1933 (published in German by Pustet, Salzburg) and The Menace of the Herd in 1943, in which he criticized the National Socialists as well as the Socialists, he remained in the United States, as he could not return to the Austria that had been incorporated into the Third Reich. Kuehnelt-Leddihn moved to Washington, D.C. in 1937, where he taught at Georgetown University. He also lectured at Fordham University, teaching a course in Japanese.[6]
Kuehnelt-Leddihn wrote for a variety of publications, including Chronicles, Thought, the Rothbard-Rockwell Report, Catholic World, and the Norwegian business magazine Farmand. He also worked with the Acton Institute, which declared him after his death "a great friend and supporter."[10] He was an adjunct scholar of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.[11] For much of his life, Kuehnelt was also a painter; he illustrated some of his own books.
His socio-political writings dealt with the origins and the philosophical and cultural currents that formed Nazism. He endeavored to explain the intricacies of monarchist concepts and the systems of Europe, cultural movements such as Hussitism and Protestantism, and the disastrous effects of an American policy derived from antimonarchical feelings and ignorance of European culture and history.
Kuehnelt-Leddihn directed some of his most significant critiques towards Wilsonian foreign policy activism. Traces of Wilsonianism could be detected in the foreign policies of Franklin Roosevelt; specifically, the assumption that democracy is the ideal political system in any context. Kuehnelt-Leddihn believed that Americans misunderstood much of Central European culture such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,[12] which Kuehnelt-Leddihn claimed as one of the contributing factors to the rise of Nazism. He also highlighted characteristics of the German society and culture (especially the influences of both Protestant and Catholic mentalities) and attempted to explain the sociological undercurrents of Nazism. Thus, he concludes that sound Catholicism, sound Protestantism, or even, probably, sound popular sovereignty (German-Austrian unification in 1919) would have prevented National Socialism although Kuehnelt-Leddihn rather dislikes the latter two.
Contrary to the prevailing view that the Nazi Party was a radical right-wing movement with only superficial and minimal leftist elements, Kuehnelt-Leddihn asserted that Nazism (National Socialism) was a strongly leftist, democratic movement ultimately rooted in the French Revolution that unleashed forces of egalitarianism, conformity, materialism and centralization.[13] He argued that Nazism, fascism, radical-liberalism, anarchism, communism and socialism were essentially democratic movements, based upon inciting the masses to revolution and intent upon destroying the old forms of society. Furthermore, Kuehnelt-Leddihn claimed that all democracy is basically totalitarian and that all democracies eventually degenerate into dictatorships. He said that it was not the case for "republics" (the word, for Kuehnelt-Leddihn, has the meaning of what Aristotle calls πολιτεία), such as Switzerland, or the United States, as it was originally intended in its constitution. However, he considered the United States to have been to a certain extent subject to a silent democratic revolution in the late 1820s.
In Liberty or Equality, his masterpiece, Kuehnelt-Leddihn contrasted monarchy with democracy and presented his arguments for the superiority of monarchy: diversity is upheld better in monarchical countries than in democracies. Monarchism is not based on party rule and "fits organically into the ecclesiastic and familistic pattern of Christian society." After insisting that the demand for liberty is about how to govern and by no means by whom to govern a given country, he draws arguments for his view that monarchical government is genuinely more liberal in this sense, but democracy naturally advocates for equality, even by enforcement, and thus becomes anti-liberal.[14] As modern life becomes increasingly complicated across many different sociopolitical levels, Kuehnelt-Leddihn submits that the Scita (the political, economic, technological, scientific, military, geographical, psychological knowledge of the masses and of their representatives) and the Scienda (the knowledge in these matters that is necessary to reach logical-rational-moral conclusions) are separated by an incessantly and cruelly widening gap and that democratic governments are totally inadequate for such undertakings.
In February 1969, Kuehnelt-Leddihn wrote an article arguing against seeking a peace deal to end the Vietnam War.[15] Instead, he argued that the two options proposed, a reunification scheme and
the creation of a coalition Vietnamese government, were unacceptable concessions to the Marxist North Vietnam.[15] Kuehnelt-Leddihn urged the US to continue the war[15] until the Marxists were defeated.
Kuehnelt-Leddihn also denounced the US Bishops' 1983 pastoral The Challenge of Peace.[16] He wrote that "The Bishops' letter breathes idealism... moral imperialism, the attempt to inject theology into politics, ought to be avoided except in extreme cases, of which abolition and slavery are examples."[16]
Personal life
Kuehnelt-Leddihn was married to Countess Christiane Gräfin von Goess,[17] with whom he had three children.[18] At the time of his death in 1999, he was survived by all four of them, as well as seven grandchildren.[10] He and his wife were buried at their village church in Lans.[6]
In 1931, while in Hungary, Kuehnelt-Leddihn stated that he had a supernatural experience. While conversing with a friend, the two men saw Satan appear before them. Kuehnelt-Leddihn recounts this experience as so:
"Slowly, in that moment, to both of us, Satan appeared as Satan appears in primitive books. Naked, reddish, horns, long tongue, trident, and we both exploded laughing. In other words, laughing hysterically. As I later found out, in apparitions of the Devil, this is a natural reaction, that you laugh hysterically."[21]
Bibliography
Novels
The Gates of Hell: An Historical Novel of the Present Day. London: Sheed & Ward, 1933.
Black Banners. Aldington, Kent: Forty-Five Press & Hand and Flower Press, 1952.
Socio-political works
The Menace of the Herd. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1943 (under the pseudonym of "Francis S. Campell" to protect relatives in wartime Austria).
The Intelligent American's Guide to Europe. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House Publishers, 1979.
Leftism Revisited, From de Sade and Marx to Hitler and Pol Pot. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990.[23]
Collaborations
"Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn." In: F.J. Sheed (Ed.), Born Catholics. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1954, pp. 220–238.
"Pollyanna Catholicism." In: Dan Herr & Clem Lane (Ed.), Realities. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1958, pp. 1–12.
"The Age of the Guillotine." In: Stephen Tonsor (Ed.), Reflections on the French Revolution: A Hillsdale Symposium. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990.
Selected articles
“Credo of a Reactionary”, The American Mercury57, July 1943.
“An Anti-Nazi Allegory”, The American Mercury59, July 1944.
“Recuperating Spain”, Modern Age1 (1), March 1957.
“Revolution, Crime, and Sin in the Catholic World”, Modern Age2 (2), June 1958.
“The Artist and the Intellectual in Anglo-Saxonry and on the Continent”, Modern Age3 (4), December 1959.
"The Thorny Problem of the Vernacular" The Catholic World, December 1962.
"The Roots of Leftism in Christendom", The Freeman18 (2), February 1968.
"Latin America in Perspective", The Freeman18 (4), April 1968.
"The Woes of the Underdeveloped Nations", The Freeman21 (1), January 1971.
"The Western Dilemma: Calvin or Rousseau?", Modern Age15 (1), March 1971.
"We and the Third World", The Freeman22 (2), February 1972.
"The Years of Godlessness", Modern Age16 (1), March 1972.
"Free Enterprise and the Russians", The Freeman22 (8), August 1972.
"The Roots of ‘Anticapitalism’", The Freeman22 (11), November 1972.
"Portrait of an Evil Man", The Freeman23 (9), September 1973.
"Liberty and equality are in essence contradictory."[26]
"There is little doubt that the American Congress or the French Chambers have a power over their nations which would rouse the envy of a Louis XIV or a George III, were they alive today. Not only prohibition, but also the income tax declaration, selective service, obligatory schooling, the fingerprinting of blameless citizens, premarital blood tests—none of these totalitarian measures would even the royal absolutism of the seventeenth century have dared to introduce."[27]
"I am for the word Rightist. Right is right and left is wrong, you see, and in all languages 'right' has a positive meaning and 'left' a negative one. In Italian, typically, la sinistra is 'the left' and il sinistro is 'the mishap' or 'the calamity.' Japanese describes evil as hidar-imae, 'the thing in front of the left.' And in the Bible, it says in Ecclesiastes, which the Hebrews call Koheleth, that “the heart of the wise man beats on his right side and the heart of the fool on his left.'[28]
^Regarding personal names: Ritter was originally a title, translated approximately as Sir (denoting a Knight). In 1919 all titles of nobility were abolished in Germany and Ritter, together with the noble particles von and zu, became part of the surname.
^Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik von (26 November 1939). "Our Coins Criticized: Visitor Finds Artistic Faults in All Except the Quarter". The New York Times. p. 75.
^ abcVon Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (11 February 1969). "No Quick Peace In Vietnam". National Review.
^ abKari, Camilla J. (2004). Public Witness: The Pastoral Letters of the American Catholic Bishops. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press. p. 86. ISBN978-0-8146-5833-8. OCLC260105860.
Nash, George H. (2006). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945. ISI Books ISBN9781933859125
Frohnen, Bruce; Jeremy Beer & Jeffrey O. Nelson (2006). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. ISI Books ISBN9781932236439
Bernhard Valentinitsch,Max-Erwin von Scheubner-Richter(1885-1923) - Zeuge des Genozids an den Armeniern und früher,enger Mitarbeiter Hitlers.Diplomarbeit.Graz 2012. (also digitalised at Harvard University Library,with many reflexions about books by Kuehnelt-Leddihn and similar ways of thinking in the work of his friend John Lukacs)
Bernhard Valentinitsch, Graham Greenes Roman 'The Human Factor'(1978) und Otto Premingers gleichnamige Verfilmung (1979).In: JIPSS(=Journal for Intelligence,Propaganda and Security Studies),Nr.14.(the first publication in which letters between Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn and Graham Greene were used and quite possibly also the first publication in which the unpublished memoirs by Kuehnelt-Leddihn were with allowance of his family used)
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