Movement conservatism

Movement conservatism is a term used by political analysts to describe conservatives in the United States since the mid-20th century and the New Right. According to George H. Nash (2009) the movement comprises a coalition of five distinct impulses. From the mid-1930s to the 1960s, libertarians, traditionalists, and anti-communists made up this coalition, with the goal of fighting the liberals' New Deal. In the 1970s, two more impulses were added with the addition of neoconservatives and the religious right.^[1]^: 344

R. Emmett Tyrrell, a prominent right-wing writer, says, "the conservatism that, when it made its appearance in the early 1950s, was called the New Conservatism and for the past fifty or sixty years has been known as 'movement conservatism' by those of us who have espoused it."^[2] Political scientists Doss and Roberts say that "The term movement conservatives refers to those people who argue that big government constitutes the most serious problem.... Movement conservatives blame the growth of the administrative state for destroying individual initiative."^[3] Historian Allan J. Lichtman traces the term to a memorandum written in February 1961 by William A. Rusher, the publisher of National Review, to William F. Buckley Jr., envisioning National Review as not just "the intellectual leader of the American Right," but more grandly of "the Western Right." Rusher envisioned philosopher kings would function as "movement conservatives".^[4]

Recent examples of writers using the term "movement conservatism" include Sam Tanenhaus,^[5] leading paleoconservative Paul Gottfried,^[6] and Jonathan Riehl.^[7] New York Times columnist Paul Krugman devoted a chapter of his book The Conscience of a Liberal (2007) to the movement, writing that movement conservatives gained control of the Republican Party starting in the 1970s and that Ronald Reagan was the first movement conservative elected president.^[8]

History

Paul Krugman described the rise of movement conservatism in his 2007 book The Conscience of a Liberal as occurring in several phases between 1950 and Reagan's election as president in 1980. These phases included building a conceptual base, a popular base, a business base, and an institutional infrastructure of think tanks. By the 2000s, movement conservatives had substantial control over the Republican Party.^[8]

Conceptual base

Author and magazine editor William F. Buckley Jr. was one of the founding members of the movement. His 1951 book God and Man at Yale argued against Keynesian economics, progressive taxation and the welfare state and gave him a national audience. In 1955, he founded National Review, which provided a platform for arguing the movement conservative viewpoint. His emphasis was on an anti-Communist foreign policy and a pro-business, anti-union domestic policy. However, in its early days the magazine also included sentiments of white supremacy. In the August 24, 1957 issue, Buckley's editorial "Why the South Must Prevail" spoke out explicitly in favor of segregation in the South. It argued that "the central question that emerges... is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes – the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race.".^[9]^[10] When Buckley ran for mayor of New York in 1965, he may have been the first conservative to endorse affirmative action, or, as he called it, “the kind of special treatment [of African Americans] that might make up for centuries of oppression.” He also promised to crack down on labor unions that discriminated against minorities, a cause even his liberal opponents were unwilling to embrace. Buckley pointed out the inherent unfairness in the administration of drug laws and in judicial sentencing. He also advanced a welfare “reform” plan whose major components were job training, education and daycare.

In 1969, in his capacity as founding editor of National Review, launched a decade and a half earlier as a “conservative weekly journal of opinion” that stood in opposition to the dominant liberal ethos of the time, Buckley toured African-American neighborhoods in Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles and Atlanta organized by the Urban League and afterward singled out for special praise “community organizers” who were working “in straightforward social work in the ghettos.” In an article in Look magazine months later, Buckley anticipated that the United States could well elect an African-American president within a decade, and that this milestone would confer the same reassurance and social distinction upon African Americans that Roman Catholics had felt upon the election of John F. Kennedy. That, he said, would be “welcome tonic” for the American soul. This Buckley, who emerged in the years after 1965, bore little resemblance to the one who, eight years earlier in 1957, had penned "Why the South Must Prevail".^[11]

The movement also gathered support from such disparate sources as libertarian Monetarists like economist Milton Friedman and neoconservatives like Irving Kristol. Friedman attacked government intervention and regulation in the 1950s and thereafter. Other free market economists began rejecting the expansion of the welfare state embodied in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Friedman also associated himself with the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater, the first time a movement conservative ran for president, unsuccessfully in this case. Irving Kristol and the magazine The Public Interest were another source of intellectual direction for the movement. During the 1960s, Kristol and his associates argued against the Great Society policies of President Lyndon B. Johnson, which had expanded the welfare state through Medicare and the War on Poverty.^[8]

Popular base

Robert W. Welch Jr. founded the John Birch Society in 1958 as a secret grass-roots group to fight Communists, who Welch said controlled much of the American establishment, and whose agents included even Eisenhower himself. Welch used the dues to build an elaborate organizational infrastructure that enabled him to keep a very tight rein on the chapters.^[12] Its main activity in the 1960s, says Rick Perlstein, "comprised monthly meetings to watch a film by Welch, followed by writing postcards or letters to government officials linking specific policies to the Communist menace".^[13] After its quick rise in membership William F. Buckley, Jr. and National Review mobilized movement conservatives, including Goldwater himself, to denounce the John Birch Society as an extremist fringe element of the conservative movement.^[14]^[15]

In support of Goldwater in 1964, Reagan delivers the TV address, "A Time for Choosing", launching him to national prominence in politics

Ronald Reagan was a key figure in expanding the popularity of movement conservatism from intellectual circles into the popular mainstream, by emphasizing the dangers of an excessively large federal government. In October 1964, Reagan delivered a speech as part of his support for candidate Goldwater titled "A Time for Choosing". The speech represented the ideology of movement conservatism, arguing against big government bureaucracy and welfare while also denouncing foreign aid. The speech was widely applauded and gave Reagan a national audience. He was elected Governor of California in 1966 and 1970.^[16]^[17]

In the wake of civil rights legislation passed in 1964 and 1968, many white southern Democrats began shifting to the Republican Party. This ended the exceptionalism of the "one-party South" in presidential elections and brought significant additional political power to the Republican Party, although these voters were not necessarily movement conservatives.^[18] In 1994, for the first time the Republicans controlled the majority of the house seats from the South, and by 2014 had gained a virtual monopoly of state and national offices throughout most of the South.^[19]

Business base

Movement conservatives embraced an anti-regulation and anti-union message as part of their appeal to business interests, with whom they had common ground in terms of tax policy.^[20] For example, in 1958 Barry Goldwater referred to influential union leader Walter Reuther as a "more dangerous menace than the Sputnik or anything Soviet Russia might do to America." While unions had a strong presence in major northern manufacturing industries, many southern and western states had significantly less union presence, and many business leaders wanted them to remain that way.^[21]^[22]

Institutional infrastructure

In the late 1960s and 1970s, movement conservatives persuaded wealthy individuals and businesses to establish a conservative intellectual and political infrastructure. This includes think tanks that resemble academic institutions but publish studies supporting conservative and libertarian arguments. The American Enterprise Institute was founded in 1943, but was expanded dramatically with new funding in 1971. The Heritage Foundation was created in 1973, and the Cato Institute was founded in 1974.^[8]

Impact of the movement

According to Krugman, movement conservatives drove America's shift to the political right in the 1970s and 1980s and "empowered businesses to confront and, to a large extent, crush the union movement, with huge consequences for both [increasing] wage inequality and the political balance of power." Union representation nationally in the U.S. declined from over 30% in the 1950s to 12% by the early 2000s.^[8] Fareed Zakaria stated in November 2016 in describing a book about conservative Alan Greenspan: "It's also a vivid portrait of the American establishment as it moved right from the 1970's to the 1980s and 1990s."^[23]

Political roles

Scholars have traced the political role of movement conservatives in recent decades. Political scientist Robert C. Smith reports that in the 1960 presidential election, "While movement conservatives supported Nixon against Kennedy, the support was half-hearted." Smith notes that National Review, edited by William F. Buckley Jr., called Nixon the lesser of two evils.^[24]

Historian William Link, in his biography of Jesse Helms, reports that "By the mid-1970s, these movement conservatives wanted to control the Republican Party and, ultimately, the national government."^[25]

Phyllis Schlafly, who mobilized conservative women for Reagan, boasted after the 1980 election that Reagan won by riding "the rising tides of the Pro-Family Movement and the Conservative Movement. Reagan articulated what those two separate movements want from government, and therefore he harnessed their support and rode them into the White House."^[26]

However, movement conservatives had to compete for President Reagan's attention with fiscal conservatives, businessmen, and traditionalists. Nash (2009) identifies a tension between middle-of-the-road republicans and "movement conservatives."^[1]^: 346 Conservative historian Steven Hayward says, "Movement conservatives bristled at seeing the GOP establishment so well represented in Reagan's inner circle", and they did not realize how well this arrangement actually served Reagan.^[27]

To sabotage movement plans, the fiscal conservatives sometimes would leak movement conservatives' plans to the press.^[28]

New Left historian Todd Gitlin finds that, "movement conservatives of a religious bent had to be willing to accept a long-term strategy for limiting abortion (via legislation banning partial-birth abortion, and certain statewide bans), rather than go for broke with a probably doomed constitutional amendment."^[29]

Movement conservative publications and institutes

American Enterprise Institute
The American Spectator magazine, a conservative political magazine
City Journal, official publication of the Manhattan Institute
First Things, magazine on religion
FreedomWorks, a conservative activist group
The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank
Humanitas, a traditionalist conservative publication
Independence Institute, a conservative think tank
Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a traditionalist conservative academic organization
Leadership Institute, an organization for conservative activists
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
Media Research Center, conservative organization which monitors and reports on liberal media bias
Modern Age, a traditionalist conservative intellectual journal
National Review magazine, a conservative political magazine; founded in 1955 by William F. Buckley, Jr.
Policy Review magazine, a conservative academic magazine
Project for a New American Century, a neoconservative think tank
Townhall.com, conservative news, information, and commentary

References

^ ^a ^b Nash, George H. (2009). Reappraising the Right: The Past and Future of American Conservatism. ISI Books. ISBN 978-1-935191-65-0.
^ Tyrrell, R. Emmett (2010). After the Hangover: The Conservatives' Road to Recovery. Thomas Nelson. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-59555-272-3.
^ Doss, Marion T.; Roberts, Robert North (1997). From Watergate to Whitewater: The Public Integrity War. Bloomsbury Academic. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-275-95597-7.
^ Lichtman, Allan J. (2008). White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-87113-984-9.
^ Tanenhaus, Sam (2010). The Death of Conservatism: A Movement and Its Consequences. Random House Publishing. p. 10 and book title. ISBN 978-0-8129-8103-2.
^ Gottfried, P. (2009). Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-230-61479-6.
^ Riehl, Jonathan (2007). The Federalist Society and Movement Conservatism: How a Fractious Coalition on the Right Is Changing Constitutional Law And the Way We Talk and Think About It (PhD thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. doi:10.17615/32hd-y571.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-06069-0.
^ Judis, John B. (2001). William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives. Simon and Schuster. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7432-1797-2.
^ Wilentz, Sean (2009). The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008. HarperCollins. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-06-074481-6.
^ Felzenberg, Alvin (May 13, 2017). "How William F. Buckley, Jr., Changed His Mind on Civil Rights". Politico.
^ Schoenwald, Jonathan M. (2002). "3. A New Kind of Conservatism: The John Birch Society". A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515726-0.
^ Rick Perlstein (2001). Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. Hill and Wang. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7867-4415-2.
^ Regnery, Alfred S. (2008-02-12). Upstream: The Ascendance of American Conservatism. Simon and Schuster. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4165-2288-1.
^ Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3.
^ Ritter, Kurt W. (1968). "Ronald Reagan and 'the speech': The rhetoric of public relations politics". Western Journal of Communication. 32 (1): 50–58. doi:10.1080/10570316809389549.
^ Ronald Reagan, "A time for choosing" (1964) Online Archived 2015-01-19 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2009). The end of Southern exceptionalism: class, race, and partisan change in the postwar South. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03249-1.
^ McKee, Seth C. (2012). "The Past, Present, and Future of Southern Politics". Southern Cultures. 18 (3): 95–117?. doi:10.1353/scu.2012.0027. S2CID 144826349.
^ Phillips-Fein, Kim (2006). "Top-Down Revolution: Businessmen, Intellectuals, and Politicians Against the New Deal, 1945–1964". Enterprise and Society. 7 (4): 686–694. doi:10.1093/es/khl045.
^ Zelizer, Julian E.; Phillips-Fein, Kim, eds. (2012). What's Good for Business: Business and American Politics since World War II. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-975400-7. excerpt
^ Friedman, Gerald (June 2000). "The Political Economy of Early Southern Unionism: Race, Politics, and Labor in the South, 1880-1953". Journal of Economic History. 60 (2): 384–413. doi:10.1017/S0022050700025146. JSTOR 2566376. S2CID 154931829. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06.
^ "Fareed Zakaria GPS November 20, 2016". CNN Fareed Zakaria GDP. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
^ Smith, Robert C. (2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same. SUNY Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4384-3232-8.
^ Link, William A. (2008). Righteous warrior: Jesse Helms and the rise of modern conservatism. Macmillan. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-312-35600-2.
^ Critchlow, Donald T. (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and grassroots conservatism: a woman's crusade. Princeton University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-691-07002-5.
^ Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution, 1980-1989. Crown Forum. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4000-5357-5.
^ Williams, Linda Faye (1996). "Tracing the Politics of Affirmative Action". In Curry, George E. (ed.). The affirmative action debate. Basic Books. p. 254. ISBN 0-201-47963-X.
^ Gitlin, Todd (2007). The Bulldozer and the Big Tent: Blind Republicans, Lame Democrats, and the Recovery of American Ideals. John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-471-74853-3.