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Classes of automata

(Clicking on each layer links to the article on that subject.)

Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples
v
t
e
Decimal			Binary
Value	SI		Value	IEC		JEDEC
1000	k	kilo	1024	Ki	kibi	K	kilo
1000²	M	mega	1024²	Mi	mebi	M	mega
1000³	G	giga	1024³	Gi	gibi	G	giga
1000⁴	T	tera	1024⁴	Ti	tebi	T	tera
1000⁵	P	peta	1024⁵	Pi	pebi	—
1000⁶	E	exa	1024⁶	Ei	exbi	—
1000⁷	Z	zetta	1024⁷	Zi	zebi	—
1000⁸	Y	yotta	1024⁸	Yi	yobi	—
1000⁹	R	ronna	1024⁹	Ri	robi	—
1000¹⁰	Q	quetta	1024¹⁰	Qi	quebi	—

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v t e Publications in science
Mathematics	Mathematics Statistics Data science
Natural science	Biology Chemistry Physics
Social science	Anthropology Economics Sociology
Related	Antiquarian science books Philosophy

v t e Sorting algorithms
Theory	Computational complexity theory Big O notation Total order Lists Inplacement Stability Comparison sort Adaptive sort Sorting network Integer sorting X + Y sorting Transdichotomous model Quantum sort
Exchange sorts	Bubble sort Cocktail shaker sort Odd–even sort Comb sort Gnome sort Proportion extend sort Quicksort
Selection sorts	Selection sort Heapsort Smoothsort Cartesian tree sort Tournament sort Cycle sort Weak-heap sort
Insertion sorts	Insertion sort Shellsort Splaysort Tree sort Library sort Patience sorting
Merge sorts	Merge sort Cascade merge sort Oscillating merge sort Polyphase merge sort
Distribution sorts	American flag sort Bead sort Bucket sort Burstsort Counting sort Interpolation sort Pigeonhole sort Proxmap sort Radix sort Flashsort
Concurrent sorts	Bitonic sorter Batcher odd–even mergesort Pairwise sorting network Samplesort
Hybrid sorts	Block merge sort Introsort Kirkpatrick–Reisch sort Merge-insertion sort Powersort Timsort Spreadsort
Other	Topological sorting Pre-topological order Pancake sorting Spaghetti sort
Impractical sorts	Stooge sort Slowsort Bogosort

v t e Data structures
Types	Collection Container
Abstract	Associative array Multimap Retrieval Data Structure List Stack Queue Double-ended queue Priority queue Double-ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint-set
Arrays	Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix
Linked	Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list
Trees	B-tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red–black tree Self-balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R-tree R* tree R+ tree Hilbert R-tree Rope Trie Hash tree
Graphs	Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph
List of data structures

v t e Data types
Uninterpreted	Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array
Numeric	Arbitrary-precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Block floating point Floating point Reduced precision Minifloat Half precision bfloat16 Single precision Double precision Quadruple precision Octuple precision Extended precision Long double Integer signedness Interval Rational
Reference	Address physical virtual Pointer
Text	Character String null-terminated
Composite	Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive Intersection List Object metaobject Option type Product Record or Struct Refinement Set Union tagged
Other	Any type Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Strongly typed identifier Type class Empty type Unit type Void
Related topics	Value Abstract data type Boxing Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system Type theory Variable

v t e Evolutionary computation
Main Topics	Evolutionary algorithm Evolutionary data mining Evolutionary multimodal optimization Human-based evolutionary computation Interactive evolutionary computation
Algorithms	Cellular evolutionary algorithm Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) Cultural algorithm Differential evolution Evolutionary programming Genetic algorithm Genetic programming Gene expression programming Evolution strategy Natural evolution strategy Neuroevolution Learning classifier system
Related techniques	Swarm intelligence Ant colony optimization Bees algorithm Cuckoo search Particle swarm optimization Bacterial Colony Optimization
Metaheuristic methods	Firefly algorithm Harmony search Gaussian adaptation Memetic algorithm
Related topics	Artificial development Artificial intelligence Artificial life Digital organism Evolutionary robotics Fitness function Fitness landscape Fitness approximation Genetic operators Interactive evolutionary computation No free lunch in search and optimization Machine learning Mating pool Premature convergence Program synthesis
Organizations	ACM IEEE ACM SIGEVO IEEE CIS
Conferences	CEC GECCO PPSN EvoStar FOGA
Journals	Evolutionary Computation (journal) IEEE Trans Evol Comput ACM Trans Evol Learning Optim

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v t e Computer laws
Amdahl's law Bell's law Brooks's law Edholm's law Grosch's law Gustafson's law Haitz's law Koomey's law Linus's law Metcalfe's law Moore's law Moore's second law Pollack's rule Wirth's law
Semantically, a computer law is not a hard and fast law, but a rule of thumb, or axiom (postulation)

v t e Parsing algorithms
Top-down	Earley LL Recursive descent Tail recursive
Bottom-up	Precedence Simple Operator Shunting-yard LR Simple Look-ahead Canonical Generalized CYK Recursive ascent Shift-reduce
Mixed, other	Combinator Chart Left corner Statistical
Related topics	PEG Definite clause grammar Deterministic parsing Dynamic programming Memoization Parser generator LALR Parse tree AST Scannerless parsing History of compiler construction Comparison of parser generators Operator-precedence grammar

v t e Types of computer language
Types	Architecture description Data exchange Hardware description Knowledge representation Markup Modeling Programming language Query Shading Specification Stylesheet Transformation
See also	Category:Lists of computer languages Category:Lists of programming languages List of programming languages by type

v t e Types of programming languages
Level	Machine Assembly Compiled Interpreted Low-level High-level Very high-level Esoteric
Generation	First Second Third Fourth Fifth

v t e Programming languages
Comparison Timeline History
Ada ALGOL Simula APL Assembly BASIC Visual Basic classic .NET C C++ C# COBOL Erlang Elixir Forth Fortran Go Haskell Java JavaScript Julia Kotlin Lisp Lua MATLAB ML Caml OCaml Standard ML Pascal Object Pascal Perl Raku PHP Prolog Python R Ruby Rust SAS SQL Scratch Shell Smalltalk Swift more...
Lists: Alphabetical Categorical Generational Non-English-based Category

v t e Processor scheduling
Algorithms	Deadline-monotonic Earliest deadline Earliest eligible virtual deadline first Fair-share Fixed-priority pre-emptive Foreground-background Gang Generalized foreground-background Highest response ratio next Lottery Multilevel feedback queue Process Contention Scope Proportional share Rate-monotonic Round-robin Shortest job next Shortest remaining time Statistical time-division multiplexing Stride Two-level Windows NT YDS algorithm
Linux	Brain Fuck Completely Fair O(1) O(n) SCHED DEADLINE SCHED FIFO SCHED NORMAL
Other	Processor affinity Starvation

v t e Units of information
Platform-independent units	bit hextet octet
Platform-dependent units	nibble byte syllable word
Metric bit units	kilobit megabit
Metric byte units	kilobyte megabyte gigabyte

v t e Major mathematics areas
History Timeline Future Lists Glossary
Foundations	Category theory Information theory Mathematical logic Philosophy of mathematics Set theory Type theory
Algebra	Abstract Commutative Elementary Field theory Group theory Homological Linear
Analysis	Calculus Real analysis Complex analysis Differential equations Functional analysis Harmonic analysis Measure theory
Discrete	Combinatorics Discrete geometry Graph theory
Geometry	Algebraic Affine Analytic Arithmetic Complex Computational Convex Differential Discrete Euclidean Finite Information Projective
Number theory	Algebraic Analytic Arithmetic Diophantine geometry
Topology	General Algebraic Differential Geometric Homotopy theory
Applied	Engineering mathematics Mathematical biology Mathematical chemistry Mathematical economics Mathematical finance Mathematical geology Mathematical linguistics Mathematical physics Mathematical psychology Mathematical sociology Mathematical statistics Probability Statistics Systems science Control theory Game theory Operations research
Computational	Computer science Theory of computation Computational complexity theory Numerical analysis Optimization Computer algebra
Related topics	Mathematicians lists Informal mathematics Films about mathematicians Recreational mathematics Mathematics and art Mathematics education Number Large
Mathematics portal Category Commons WikiProject

v t e Common logical connectives
Tautology/True $\top$
Alternative denial (NAND gate) ${\overline {\wedge }}$ Converse implication $\Leftarrow$ Implication (IMPLY gate) $\Rightarrow$ Disjunction (OR gate) $\lor$
Negation (NOT gate) $\neg$ Exclusive or (XOR gate) $\oplus$ Biconditional (XNOR gate) $\odot$ Statement (Digital buffer)
Joint denial (NOR gate) ${\overline {\vee }}$ Nonimplication (NIMPLY gate) $\nRightarrow$ Converse nonimplication $\nLeftarrow$ Conjunction (AND gate) $\land$
Contradiction/False $\bot$
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v t e Set theory
Overview	Set (mathematics)
Axioms	Adjunction Choice countable dependent global Constructibility (V=L) Determinacy projective Extensionality Infinity Limitation of size Pairing Power set Regularity Union Martin's axiom Axiom schema replacement specification
Operations	Cartesian product Complement (i.e. set difference) De Morgan's laws Disjoint union Identities Intersection Power set Symmetric difference Union
Concepts Methods	Almost Cardinality Cardinal number (large) Class Constructible universe Continuum hypothesis Diagonal argument Element ordered pair tuple Family Forcing One-to-one correspondence Ordinal number Set-builder notation Transfinite induction Venn diagram
Set types	Amorphous Countable Empty Finite (hereditarily) Filter base subbase Ultrafilter Fuzzy Infinite (Dedekind-infinite) Recursive Singleton Subset · Superset Transitive Uncountable Universal
Theories	Alternative Axiomatic Constructive Naive Cantor's theorem Zermelo General Principia Mathematica New Foundations Zermelo–Fraenkel von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Morse–Kelley Kripke–Platek Tarski–Grothendieck
Paradoxes Problems	Russell's paradox Suslin's problem Burali-Forti paradox
Set theorists	Paul Bernays Georg Cantor Paul Cohen Richard Dedekind Abraham Fraenkel Kurt Gödel Thomas Jech John von Neumann Willard Quine Bertrand Russell Thoralf Skolem Ernst Zermelo

v t e Terms in graph theory
Types of graphs	Directed Undirected Acyclic Bipartite Connected Complete Labeled Hypergraph Multigraph Planar Pseudograph Regular Tree Weighted Wheel
Graph elements	Bridge Edge Directed edge Loop Node Strongly connected component Subgraph (graph theory) Vertex
Graph attributes	Edge-connectedness Dominator (graph theory) Girth (graph theory) Order (graph theory) Size (graph theory) Vertex-connectedness
Category Outline Glossary Wikibook Wikiversity

v t e Number theory
Fields	Algebraic number theory (class field theory, non-abelian class field theory, Iwasawa theory, Tate's thesis, Kummer theory, ramification theory) Analytic number theory (analytic theory of $L$ -functions, probabilistic number theory, sieve theory) Geometric number theory Computational number theory Transcendental number theory Diophantine geometry (Arakelov theory, Hodge–Arakelov theory) Arithmetic combinatorics (additive number theory) Arithmetic geometry (anabelian geometry, $p$ -adic Hodge theory) Arithmetic topology Arithmetic dynamics
Key concepts	Numbers Zero Natural numbers Unity Prime numbers Composite numbers Rational numbers Irrational numbers Algebraic numbers Transcendental numbers $p$ -adic numbers ( $p$ -adic analysis) Arithmetic Modular arithmetic Chinese remainder theorem Arithmetic functions
Advanced concepts	Quadratic forms Modular forms $L$ -functions Diophantine equations Diophantine approximation Irrationality measure Simple continued fractions
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v t e Algebra
Outline History
Areas	Abstract algebra Algebraic geometry Algebraic variety Scheme Algebraic number theory Category theory Commutative algebra Elementary algebra Homological algebra K-theory Linear algebra Multilinear algebra Noncommutative algebra Order theory Representation theory Universal algebra
Basic concepts	Algebraic expression Equation (Linear equation, Quadratic equation) Function (Polynomial function) Inequality (Linear inequality) Operation (Addition, Multiplication) Relation (Equivalence relation) Variable
Algebraic structures	Field (theory) Group (theory) Module (theory) Relational algebra Ring (theory) Vector space (Vector)
Linear and multilinear algebra	Basis Determinant Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Inner product space (Dot product) Hilbert space Linear map (Matrix) Linear subspace (Affine space) Norm (Euclidean norm) Orthogonality (Orthogonal complement) Rank Trace
Algebraic maps	Homomorphism (Group homomorphism, Ring homomorphism) Isomorphism Endomorphism Automorphism Kernel (algebra)
Algebraic constructions	Composition algebra Exterior algebra Free object (Free group, ...) Geometric algebra (Multivector) Polynomial ring (Polynomial) Quotient object (Quotient group, ...) Symmetric algebra Tensor algebra
Topic lists	Binary operations Algebraic structures
Glossaries	Field theory Linear algebra Order theory Ring theory
Category

v t e Linear algebra
Outline Glossary Template:Matrix classes
Linear equations	Linear equation System of linear equations Determinant Minor Cauchy–Binet formula Cramer's rule Gaussian elimination Gauss–Jordan elimination Overcompleteness Strassen algorithm
Matrices	Matrix Matrix addition Matrix multiplication Basis transformation matrix Characteristic polynomial Spectrum Trace Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace Cayley–Hamilton theorem Jordan normal form Weyr canonical form Rank Inverse, Pseudoinverse Adjugate, Transpose Dot product Symmetric matrix, Skew-symmetric matrix Orthogonal matrix, Unitary matrix Hermitian matrix, Antihermitian matrix Positive-(semi)definite Pfaffian Projection Spectral theorem Perron–Frobenius theorem Diagonal matrix, Triangular matrix, Tridiagonal matrix Block matrix Sparse matrix Hessenberg matrix, Hessian matrix Vandermonde matrix Stochastic matrix, Toeplitz matrix, Circulant matrix, Hankel matrix (0,1)-matrix List of matrices
Matrix decompositions	Cholesky decomposition LU decomposition QR decomposition Polar decomposition Spectral theorem Singular value decomposition Higher-order singular value decomposition Schur decomposition Schur complement Haynsworth inertia additivity formula Reducing subspace
Relations and computations	Matrix equivalence Matrix congruence Matrix similarity Matrix consimilarity Row equivalence Elementary row operations Householder transformation Least squares Linear least squares Gram–Schmidt process Woodbury matrix identity
Vector spaces	Vector space Linear combination Linear span Linear independence Basis, Hamel basis Change of basis Dimension theorem for vector spaces Hamel dimension Examples of vector spaces Linear map Shear mapping Squeeze mapping Linear subspace Row and column spaces, Null space Rank–nullity theorem Nullity theorem Cyclic subspace Dual space, Linear functional Category of vector spaces
Structures	Topological vector space Normed vector space Inner product space Euclidean space Orthogonality Orthogonal complement Orthogonal projection Orthogonal group Pseudo-Euclidean space Null vector Indefinite orthogonal group Orientation Improper rotation Symplectic structure
Multilinear algebra	Multilinear algebra Tensor Tensors (classical) Component-free treatment of tensors Outer product Tensor algebra Exterior algebra Symmetric algebra Clifford algebra Geometric algebra Bivector Multivector Gamas's theorem
Affine and projective	Affine space Affine transformation, Affine group, Affine geometry Affine coordinate system, Flat (geometry) Cartesian coordinate system Euclidean group Poincaré group Galilean group Projective space Projective transformation Projective geometry Projective linear group Quadric
Numerical linear algebra	Numerical linear algebra Floating-point arithmetic Numerical stability Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms Sparse matrix Comparison of linear algebra libraries
Category

v t e Complementarity problems and algorithms
Complementarity Problems	Linear programming (LP) Quadratic programming (QP) Linear complementarity problem (LCP) Mixed linear (MLCP) Mixed (MCP) Nonlinear (NCP)
Basis-exchange algorithms	Simplex (Dantzig) Revised simplex Criss-cross Lemke

v t e Complexity classes
Considered feasible	DLOGTIME AC⁰ ACC⁰ REG TC TC⁰ L SL RL FL NL NL-complete NC SC CC P P-complete ZPP RP BPP BQP APX FP
Suspected infeasible	UP NP NP-complete NP-hard co-NP co-NP-complete TFNP FNP AM QMA PH ⊕P PP #P #P-complete IP PSPACE PSPACE-complete
Considered infeasible	EXPTIME NEXPTIME EXPSPACE 2-EXPTIME ELEMENTARY NONELEMENTARY PR R RE ALL
Other complexity classes	polyL QP
Class hierarchies	Polynomial hierarchy Exponential hierarchy Grzegorczyk hierarchy Arithmetical hierarchy Boolean hierarchy
Families of classes	DTIME NTIME DSPACE NSPACE Probabilistically checkable proof Interactive proof system
List of complexity classes

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